Biology Flashcards
what is mrs h gren
movement
respiration
sensitivity
homeostasis
growth
reproduction
excretion
nutrition
what is movement
It’s an action by an
organism or part of an organism causing a change of position or place.
what is respiration
Set of chemical reactions that break down nutrient molecules in living cells to release energy using oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide.
what is sensitivity
Ability to detect or
sense changes in the environment (stimuli) and to make appropriate responses.
what is homeostasis
A state of balance
among all the body systems
needed for the body to survive and
function correctly.
what is growth
Permanent increase in
size and dry mass by an increase in cell number or cell size or both.
what is reproduction
Reproduction is the
process that makes more of the same kind of organism.
what is excretion
Removal from
organisms of toxic materials, the
waste products of metabolism
(chemical reactions in cells
including respiration) and
substances in excess of
requirements.
what is nutrition
Taking in materials for
energy, growth or development,
what does the nucleus do
controls the cell activity
what does the cytoplasm do
where chemical reactions occur
what does the mitochondria do
aerobic respiration
what do ribosomes do
protein synthesis
what do glycogen granules do
carbohydrate food store
what does a cell wall do
maintain shape and structure
what does the vacuole do
stores cell sap
what does chloroplast do
where photosynthesis takes place
what does the cell membrane do
controls what enters and exits the cell
what is a eukaryotic organism
Eukaryote refers to any of the single-celled or multicellular organisms whose cell contains a distinct, membrane-bound nucleus.
what do plants have/contain
chloroplasts
nucleus
mitochondira
ribsomes
cell membrane
cytoplam
vacoule
cell wall
what do animal cells have
nucleus
mitochondira
ribosomes
cell membrane
cytoplasm
structure of fungi
- chitin cell wall
- often multinucleated
- they contain a mycelium which is made of hpyhae threads
what do protocists have/contain
microscopic single-celled,
usually aquatic, with some
features like animal cells
what is a prokaryotic organism
any organism that lacks a distinct nucleus and other organelles due to the absence of internal membranes.
features of bacteria
cell membrane
cell wall
cytoplasm
no nucleus
what are pathogens - viruses
microscopic particles,
lack cellular structure
contain a protein coat around the DNA or RNA,
live and reproduce inside cells, infect every living organism
what is a stem cell
a stem cell is a cell that does not have specialized structures or functions Stem cells contain the information to differentiate into specialised
cells
explain embryonic stem cells
can differentiate into any type of cell (PLURIPOTENT)
Used to treat many different
diseases Ethical issues in obtaining embryonic stem cells
explain adult stem cells
Can differentiate into a limited number of specialized cells (UNPOTENT)
Bone marrow stem cells can only differentiate into blood cells Used to treat diseases without rejection
smallest to biggest components
organelles
cell
tissue
organ
organ system
organsim
what are organelles
compartment in a cell
surrounded by a membrane
what is a cell
smallest unit of life
what is a tissue
a group of the same kind of cells working together to perform a function
what is an organ
a group of different types of tissues working together to preform the same function
what is an organ system
a group of organs working together to preform a function
what is an organism
various systems working together to maintain life
what are the 4 biological molecules
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
what are the carbohydrate polymers
glycogen, starch, cellulose
what are the carbohydrate monosacharides
glucose, fructose, glactose
what are the lipids and fats triglyceride
1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids together
what are the lipids and fats monomers
1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids seperate
what are lipids and fats good for
long term emergy
what are carbohydrates good for
fast source of energy
what are proteins monomers
amino acids
what are proteins polymer
protein
what is the nutrient test for starch
iodine solution
orange to blue/black
what is the nutrient test for glucose
benedicts solution
blue to brick red
what is the nutrient test for lipids
ethanol and water
clear to cloudy
what is the nutrient test for proteins
biurets
blue to purple
what are enzymes
proteins
energy reactions in cells
biological catalysts
specific
reusable
have an active site
what is enzyme lock and key
enzyme + substrate = enzyme substrate complex
what are enzymes optimum temperature
37 C and then they
are denatured (the active site is changed and no longer fits the substrate)
what is the optimum pH for amylase and protease
7pH for amalayse
2 pH for protease
what is diffusion
diffusion is the random movement or spreading out of particles from a high area of concentration to a low
area of concentration through a partially permeable membrane
what is osmosis
Osmosis is the diffusion of water from a high water potential to a low water potential through a
partially permeable membrane
explain osmosis in animal cells
if the external solution has a higher water potential it will move into an animal cell causing it to burst
if the external solution has a lower water potential the excess water will leave the cell causing it to become more shriveled
explain osmosis in plant cells
if the external solution has a higher water potential water will move into the cell and into the vacuole causing it to swell and leaving it turgid
if the external solutionhas a higher water potential water will move out of the cell causing it to become soft. eventually, the cell membrane will move away from the cell wall
what is active transport
Active transport is the movement of particles from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration (against the concentration gradient)
what does active transport need
it require respiration because it is active and needs energy to transport
discribe a leafs structure
upper surface
branching veins
flat and thin
mid rib
stomata
roots
discribe the upper surface
dark green
chloroplast for light absorption
discribe the branching veins
supply water to the cells
discribe why a leaf has a flat and thin surface
provides a large surface area
what is the mid rib for a leaf
central vein
what do the stomata do
microscopic pres on the lower surface which all all gas exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen
what do leaf roots do
absorb water through osmosis
how do plants obtain their nutrition and why
via photosynthesis because they are autotrophic
discribe the internal structure of a leaf
waxy cuticle
upper epidermis
palasiade cells
spongy mesophyl cells
stoma
lower epidermis
what is the role of the wazy cuticle
water proofing
what is the role of the upper epidermis
lets light through for chloroplast
what do the palasiade cells do
packed with chloroplast and absorb light
what do the spongy mesophyl cells do
irregular shape to create air space for rapid diffusion of gases
characterisitc of the lower epidermis
few chloroplast
word equation for photosyntheis
water + carbon dioxide –> glucose + oxygen
chemical equation for photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H20 –> C6H12O6 + 6O2
what is the source of energy for photosynthesis
light
what does a plant need to trap light
chloroplast
how is glucose stored in plants
starch
what are factors that affect photosynthesis
light intensity
carbon dioxide concentration
temperature
how does light intensity affect photosynthesis
without enough light a plant cannot photosyntesise
how does carbon dioxide concentration affect photosynthesis
the rate of photosynthesis will decrease
how does temperature affect photosynthesis
low temperatures the rate of photosynthesis is limited becuase the number of mulecular collisions are limited
what do plant need to make chlorophyll
magnesium
what do plants need to make proteins
nitrate –> amino acids
what is needed for a balanced diet
carbohydrates
proteins
lipids
minerals
vitamins
water
fibre
what are carbohydrates good for and where can we get them
quick energy from bread and pasta
what are proteins good for and where can we get them
growth and repair from eggs, meat and nuts
what are lipids good for and where can we get them
slow/ long term energy from fats, oils and butter
what are minerals good for and where do we get them from
calcium - strong teeth and bones from milk and eggs
iron - makes hemaglobin in red blood cells from red meat and lentils
what are vitamins good for and where do we get them
a - healthy skin and vision from vegetables, fish, red vegetables, fish oil
c - healthy gums and skin from citrus fruits
d - helps regulate the amount of calcium from fish and eggs
what is fibre good for and where do we get them from
prevents constipation from leafy vegtables and whole grain wheat
what is the structure of the digestive system
salivary glands
oesphagus
stomach
liver
gallbladder
pancreas
duodenum
small intestines
large intestines
what do the salivary glands
softens and lubricates the food and produces salivary amalase to digest starch
what is the oesphgus for
peristalsis - wave like motion of anatagonistic muscles (circular and longnitudial)
what does the stomach do
bag of muscle with acidic conditions
contains pepsin to digest protein
what does the liver do
it produces bile to neutralise food
what does the gallbladder do
stores bile
what does the pancreas do
produces protease, lipase and amalayse
what does the duodenum do
most chemical digestion
break down of polymers
what does the small intestine do
absorption of small soluble molecules
what does the large intestine do
colon - water absoption
rectum - stores faeces
anus - allows the egestion of faeces
characteristics of the illeum
long and thin
one cell thick for absoption
large capillary network
convered in villi and micro-villi
how does a large capillary network help the illeum
absorbs monosacharides (amino acids, vitamins and minerals)
how do the villi and micro-villi help the illeum
it increases the surface area for absorption
what does the duodenum do
connects with the stomach, pancreas, bile duct and illeum
recives partially digested food from stomach
recives bile to neutralise the HCL
what does the duodenum help with
large surface area for digestion of lipids and lipase actions
chemical equation for aerobic respiration
6O2 + C6H12O6 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
word equation for aerobic respiration
oxygen + glucose –> carbon dioxide + water + energy release
where does aerobic respiration occur
mitochondira
which specimens use anaerobic respiration
humans and lactobacillus
plants
word equation for anaerobic respiration in humans + lactobacillus
glucose –> lacid acid + energy release
word equation for anaerobic respiration in plant
glucose –> ethanol + carbon dioxide + ATP
where does respiration occur in anaerobic respiration
no oxygen but respiration occurs in the cytoplasm
what is respiration
a chemical reaction to release energy
where does respiration occur
in the cytoplasm of all living organisms
when do plants respire
ALL THE TIME
where is CO2 being released at night in plants
through the stomata by diffusion
where is CO2 being released during the day in plants
some through the stomata in the leaves and some during photosynthesis
What do the hydrocarbonate indicator colors tell us
yellow - high levels of CO2
red - atmospheric levels of CO2
purple - low levels of CO2
When does respiration happen in animals
ALL THE TIME in Living Cells
structure of ventilation and supporing structures
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
aveoli
supporting - diaphragm, intercostal muscles, ribs, pleural membrane, epiglottis and larynx
discribe the trachea
wind pipe which contains ‘c’ shaped rings of cartilage
role of the bronchi
connect the windpipe to the bronchioles
what do the bronchioless do
connect the bronchi to the aveoli
what do the aveoli do
where gas exchange takes place
how does the diaphragm support ventilation
a sheet of muscle that is found below the lungs
how do the intercostal muscles help support ventilation
set of muscles found between the ribs that allow the moves to move
how do the ribs help support ventialtion
they are bones which help protect the lungs and the heart
how does the pleural membrane support ventilation
it liines the surface of the lungs reducing friction and allowing the lungs to slide smoothly
how does the epiglottis support ventilation
it closes the gap in the trachea so no food goes down
