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GCSES > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

1
Q

what is mrs h gren

A

movement
respiration
sensitivity
homeostasis
growth
reproduction
excretion
nutrition

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2
Q

what is movement

A

It’s an action by an
organism or part of an organism causing a change of position or place.

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3
Q

what is respiration

A

Set of chemical reactions that break down nutrient molecules in living cells to release energy using oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide.

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4
Q

what is sensitivity

A

Ability to detect or
sense changes in the environment (stimuli) and to make appropriate responses.

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5
Q

what is homeostasis

A

A state of balance
among all the body systems
needed for the body to survive and
function correctly.

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6
Q

what is growth

A

Permanent increase in
size and dry mass by an increase in cell number or cell size or both.

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7
Q

what is reproduction

A

Reproduction is the
process that makes more of the same kind of organism.

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8
Q

what is excretion

A

Removal from
organisms of toxic materials, the
waste products of metabolism
(chemical reactions in cells
including respiration) and
substances in excess of
requirements.

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9
Q

what is nutrition

A

Taking in materials for
energy, growth or development,

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10
Q

what does the nucleus do

A

controls the cell activity

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11
Q

what does the cytoplasm do

A

where chemical reactions occur

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12
Q

what does the mitochondria do

A

aerobic respiration

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13
Q

what do ribosomes do

A

protein synthesis

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14
Q

what do glycogen granules do

A

carbohydrate food store

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15
Q

what does a cell wall do

A

maintain shape and structure

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16
Q

what does the vacuole do

A

stores cell sap

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17
Q

what does chloroplast do

A

where photosynthesis takes place

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18
Q

what does the cell membrane do

A

controls what enters and exits the cell

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19
Q

what is a eukaryotic organism

A

Eukaryote refers to any of the single-celled or multicellular organisms whose cell contains a distinct, membrane-bound nucleus.

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20
Q

what do plants have/contain

A

chloroplasts
nucleus
mitochondira
ribsomes
cell membrane
cytoplam
vacoule
cell wall

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21
Q

what do animal cells have

A

nucleus
mitochondira
ribosomes
cell membrane
cytoplasm

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22
Q

structure of fungi

A
  • chitin cell wall
  • often multinucleated
  • they contain a mycelium which is made of hpyhae threads
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23
Q

what do protocists have/contain

A

microscopic single-celled,
usually aquatic, with some
features like animal cells

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24
Q

what is a prokaryotic organism

A

any organism that lacks a distinct nucleus and other organelles due to the absence of internal membranes.

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25
Q

features of bacteria

A

cell membrane
cell wall
cytoplasm
no nucleus

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26
Q

what are pathogens - viruses

A

microscopic particles,
lack cellular structure
contain a protein coat around the DNA or RNA,
live and reproduce inside cells, infect every living organism

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27
Q

what is a stem cell

A

a stem cell is a cell that does not have specialized structures or functions Stem cells contain the information to differentiate into specialised
cells

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28
Q

explain embryonic stem cells

A

can differentiate into any type of cell (PLURIPOTENT)
Used to treat many different
diseases Ethical issues in obtaining embryonic stem cells

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29
Q

explain adult stem cells

A

Can differentiate into a limited number of specialized cells (UNPOTENT)
Bone marrow stem cells can only differentiate into blood cells Used to treat diseases without rejection

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30
Q

smallest to biggest components

A

organelles
cell
tissue
organ
organ system
organsim

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31
Q

what are organelles

A

compartment in a cell
surrounded by a membrane

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32
Q

what is a cell

A

smallest unit of life

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33
Q

what is a tissue

A

a group of the same kind of cells working together to perform a function

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34
Q

what is an organ

A

a group of different types of tissues working together to preform the same function

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35
Q

what is an organ system

A

a group of organs working together to preform a function

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36
Q

what is an organism

A

various systems working together to maintain life

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37
Q

what are the 4 biological molecules

A

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen

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38
Q

what are the carbohydrate polymers

A

glycogen, starch, cellulose

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39
Q

what are the carbohydrate monosacharides

A

glucose, fructose, glactose

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40
Q

what are the lipids and fats triglyceride

A

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids together

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41
Q

what are the lipids and fats monomers

A

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids seperate

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42
Q

what are lipids and fats good for

A

long term emergy

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43
Q

what are carbohydrates good for

A

fast source of energy

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44
Q

what are proteins monomers

A

amino acids

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45
Q

what are proteins polymer

A

protein

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46
Q

what is the nutrient test for starch

A

iodine solution

orange to blue/black

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47
Q

what is the nutrient test for glucose

A

benedicts solution

blue to brick red

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48
Q

what is the nutrient test for lipids

A

ethanol and water

clear to cloudy

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49
Q

what is the nutrient test for proteins

A

biurets

blue to purple

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50
Q

what are enzymes

A

proteins
energy reactions in cells
biological catalysts
specific
reusable
have an active site

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51
Q

what is enzyme lock and key

A

enzyme + substrate = enzyme substrate complex

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52
Q

what are enzymes optimum temperature

A

37 C and then they
are denatured (the active site is changed and no longer fits the substrate)

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53
Q

what is the optimum pH for amylase and protease

A

7pH for amalayse
2 pH for protease

54
Q

what is diffusion

A

diffusion is the random movement or spreading out of particles from a high area of concentration to a low
area of concentration through a partially permeable membrane

55
Q

what is osmosis

A

Osmosis is the diffusion of water from a high water potential to a low water potential through a
partially permeable membrane

56
Q

explain osmosis in animal cells

A

if the external solution has a higher water potential it will move into an animal cell causing it to burst

if the external solution has a lower water potential the excess water will leave the cell causing it to become more shriveled

57
Q

explain osmosis in plant cells

A

if the external solution has a higher water potential water will move into the cell and into the vacuole causing it to swell and leaving it turgid

if the external solutionhas a higher water potential water will move out of the cell causing it to become soft. eventually, the cell membrane will move away from the cell wall

58
Q

what is active transport

A

Active transport is the movement of particles from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration (against the concentration gradient)

59
Q

what does active transport need

A

it require respiration because it is active and needs energy to transport

60
Q

discribe a leafs structure

A

upper surface
branching veins
flat and thin
mid rib
stomata
roots

61
Q

discribe the upper surface

A

dark green
chloroplast for light absorption

62
Q

discribe the branching veins

A

supply water to the cells

63
Q

discribe why a leaf has a flat and thin surface

A

provides a large surface area

64
Q

what is the mid rib for a leaf

A

central vein

65
Q

what do the stomata do

A

microscopic pres on the lower surface which all all gas exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen

66
Q

what do leaf roots do

A

absorb water through osmosis

67
Q

how do plants obtain their nutrition and why

A

via photosynthesis because they are autotrophic

68
Q

discribe the internal structure of a leaf

A

waxy cuticle
upper epidermis
palasiade cells
spongy mesophyl cells
stoma
lower epidermis

69
Q

what is the role of the wazy cuticle

A

water proofing

70
Q

what is the role of the upper epidermis

A

lets light through for chloroplast

71
Q

what do the palasiade cells do

A

packed with chloroplast and absorb light

72
Q

what do the spongy mesophyl cells do

A

irregular shape to create air space for rapid diffusion of gases

73
Q

characterisitc of the lower epidermis

A

few chloroplast

74
Q

word equation for photosyntheis

A

water + carbon dioxide –> glucose + oxygen

75
Q

chemical equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H20 –> C6H12O6 + 6O2

76
Q

what is the source of energy for photosynthesis

A

light

77
Q

what does a plant need to trap light

A

chloroplast

78
Q

how is glucose stored in plants

A

starch

79
Q

what are factors that affect photosynthesis

A

light intensity
carbon dioxide concentration
temperature

80
Q

how does light intensity affect photosynthesis

A

without enough light a plant cannot photosyntesise

81
Q

how does carbon dioxide concentration affect photosynthesis

A

the rate of photosynthesis will decrease

82
Q

how does temperature affect photosynthesis

A

low temperatures the rate of photosynthesis is limited becuase the number of mulecular collisions are limited

83
Q

what do plant need to make chlorophyll

A

magnesium

84
Q

what do plants need to make proteins

A

nitrate –> amino acids

85
Q

what is needed for a balanced diet

A

carbohydrates
proteins
lipids
minerals
vitamins
water
fibre

86
Q

what are carbohydrates good for and where can we get them

A

quick energy from bread and pasta

87
Q

what are proteins good for and where can we get them

A

growth and repair from eggs, meat and nuts

88
Q

what are lipids good for and where can we get them

A

slow/ long term energy from fats, oils and butter

89
Q

what are minerals good for and where do we get them from

A

calcium - strong teeth and bones from milk and eggs

iron - makes hemaglobin in red blood cells from red meat and lentils

90
Q

what are vitamins good for and where do we get them

A

a - healthy skin and vision from vegetables, fish, red vegetables, fish oil

c - healthy gums and skin from citrus fruits

d - helps regulate the amount of calcium from fish and eggs

91
Q

what is fibre good for and where do we get them from

A

prevents constipation from leafy vegtables and whole grain wheat

92
Q

what is the structure of the digestive system

A

salivary glands
oesphagus
stomach
liver
gallbladder
pancreas
duodenum
small intestines
large intestines

93
Q

what do the salivary glands

A

softens and lubricates the food and produces salivary amalase to digest starch

94
Q

what is the oesphgus for

A

peristalsis - wave like motion of anatagonistic muscles (circular and longnitudial)

95
Q

what does the stomach do

A

bag of muscle with acidic conditions

contains pepsin to digest protein

96
Q

what does the liver do

A

it produces bile to neutralise food

97
Q

what does the gallbladder do

A

stores bile

98
Q

what does the pancreas do

A

produces protease, lipase and amalayse

99
Q

what does the duodenum do

A

most chemical digestion

break down of polymers

100
Q

what does the small intestine do

A

absorption of small soluble molecules

101
Q

what does the large intestine do

A

colon - water absoption

rectum - stores faeces

anus - allows the egestion of faeces

102
Q

characteristics of the illeum

A

long and thin
one cell thick for absoption
large capillary network
convered in villi and micro-villi

103
Q

how does a large capillary network help the illeum

A

absorbs monosacharides (amino acids, vitamins and minerals)

104
Q

how do the villi and micro-villi help the illeum

A

it increases the surface area for absorption

105
Q

what does the duodenum do

A

connects with the stomach, pancreas, bile duct and illeum

recives partially digested food from stomach

recives bile to neutralise the HCL

106
Q

what does the duodenum help with

A

large surface area for digestion of lipids and lipase actions

107
Q

chemical equation for aerobic respiration

A

6O2 + C6H12O6 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

108
Q

word equation for aerobic respiration

A

oxygen + glucose –> carbon dioxide + water + energy release

109
Q

where does aerobic respiration occur

A

mitochondira

110
Q

which specimens use anaerobic respiration

A

humans and lactobacillus

plants

111
Q

word equation for anaerobic respiration in humans + lactobacillus

A

glucose –> lacid acid + energy release

112
Q

word equation for anaerobic respiration in plant

A

glucose –> ethanol + carbon dioxide + ATP

113
Q

where does respiration occur in anaerobic respiration

A

no oxygen but respiration occurs in the cytoplasm

114
Q

what is respiration

A

a chemical reaction to release energy

115
Q

where does respiration occur

A

in the cytoplasm of all living organisms

116
Q

when do plants respire

A

ALL THE TIME

117
Q

where is CO2 being released at night in plants

A

through the stomata by diffusion

118
Q

where is CO2 being released during the day in plants

A

some through the stomata in the leaves and some during photosynthesis

119
Q

What do the hydrocarbonate indicator colors tell us

A

yellow - high levels of CO2

red - atmospheric levels of CO2

purple - low levels of CO2

120
Q

When does respiration happen in animals

A

ALL THE TIME in Living Cells

121
Q

structure of ventilation and supporing structures

A

trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
aveoli

supporting - diaphragm, intercostal muscles, ribs, pleural membrane, epiglottis and larynx

122
Q

discribe the trachea

A

wind pipe which contains ‘c’ shaped rings of cartilage

123
Q

role of the bronchi

A

connect the windpipe to the bronchioles

124
Q

what do the bronchioless do

A

connect the bronchi to the aveoli

125
Q

what do the aveoli do

A

where gas exchange takes place

126
Q

how does the diaphragm support ventilation

A

a sheet of muscle that is found below the lungs

127
Q

how do the intercostal muscles help support ventilation

A

set of muscles found between the ribs that allow the moves to move

128
Q

how do the ribs help support ventialtion

A

they are bones which help protect the lungs and the heart

129
Q

how does the pleural membrane support ventilation

A

it liines the surface of the lungs reducing friction and allowing the lungs to slide smoothly

130
Q

how does the epiglottis support ventilation

A

it closes the gap in the trachea so no food goes down

GCSES (6 decks)

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