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any > pe- functional anatomy > Flashcards

pe- functional anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

origin/insertion

A

origin- attachment point at the proximal end
insertion- attachment point at the distal end

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2
Q

Cocentric contraction

A

muscle shortens, e.g. upward phase of bicep curl

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3
Q

Eccentric contraction

A

muscle lengthens, e.g. lowering phase of bicep curl

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4
Q

isometric contraction

A

muscle contracts, no movement occurs, e.g. plank

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5
Q

epimysium

A

connective tissue surrounding the entire skeletal muscle belly

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6
Q

perimysium

A

layer of connective tissue surrounding individual fascicles

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7
Q

endomysium

A

layer of membrane surrounding individual muscle fibres

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8
Q

fascicle

A

A bundle of skeletal muscle fibres

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9
Q

Muscle Fibres

A

made up of myofibrils, contain actin and myosin

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10
Q

myofibrils

A

long filaments that form muscle fibres

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11
Q

Sarcomere

A

comprises the unit between the two Z lines

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12
Q

Z Lines

A

Close together in Cocentric contractions

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13
Q

Actin

A

Thin protein attached to Z lines

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14
Q

Myosin

A

Thick protein contains cross bridges

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15
Q

Cross bridges

A

Pull actin filaments towards sarcomere midline

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16
Q

H Zone

A

Space between actin filaments

17
Q

I Band

A

Light band contains thin actin filament

18
Q

A Band

A

Thick and thin filaments, centre of sarcomere spans H-Zone

19
Q

Sliding filament theory

A
  1. Calcium is released by sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcomere
  2. Actin filaments reveal binding site for the myosin head to connect
  3. Myosin heads bind to actin filaments, creating cross bridge
  4. ATP breakdown releases energy to stimulate myosin cross bridges to pull actin filaments towards sarcomere midline
  5. Shortening of sarcomere occurs as actin/myosin filaments “slide over” each other, causing Z lines to come closer together and H zone to shorten
  6. Shortened each sarcomere shortens myofibril resulting in shortening of muscle fibres, movement occurs
  7. Cross bridges attach and re attach at different times to create movement and retain tension
  8. Process repeats if neural impulse is present or the muscle relaxes if neural impulse ends
20
Q

Motor Neuron

A

A cell within the nervous system that transmits impulses/signals to other nerve cells

21
Q

Dendrites

A

Detects impulse from sensory receptor, deliver it to cell body

22
Q

Cell body

A

Contains nucleus, directs neuron’s activities, sends message to axon

23
Q

Axon

A

Transmits message away from cell body to the muscle

24
Q

Motor Unit

A

The motor neuron and the fibres

25
Q

Nervous control of muscular system (process of creating movement):
Sensory Neurons-

A

Detect stimulus sound and send impulses to the brain

26
Q

Brain-

A

Interprets information and sends impulse potential for movement to occur

27
Q

Spinal Cord-

A

Transmits signal from brain to the muscles via motor neuron

28
Q

Motor Neuron-

A

Transmits signal away from cell body to muscle fibres

29
Q

Motor Unit-

A

Once signal threshold is reached, all attached fibres will contract to their 100% intensity

30
Q

Motor Unit size small:

A

Fine motor skills, precise movement
Small number muscle fibres
Small motor unit+ action potential
e.g. the eye

31
Q

Motor Unit size large:

A

Gross motor skills, large movement
Many muscle fibres required
Large motor unit+ action potential
e.g. quad when kicking ball

32
Q

All or none principle:

A

When a motor unit recieves action potential that exceeds the threshold, all muscle fibres associated will contract to their maximum potential

33
Q

Type I Muscle fibres ( slow twitch)

A

Aerobic- Colour Red
Slow contraction speed, low force production
Small diameter+ motor neuron size
High fatigue resistance
High capillary, mitochondrial, Oxiodative density
Low glycolytic capacity
Fuel source: Triglycerides, glycogen
e.g. Marathon runner, endurance cyclist

34
Q

Type IIa muscle fibres ( fast twitch)

A

Long term anerobic- Colour white
Fast contraction speed, high force production
Intermediate fibre diameter, Large motor neuron size
Intermediate fatigue resistance
Intermediate capillary, mitochondrial, Oxiodative density
High glycolytic capacity
Fuel source: creatine phosphate, glycogen
E.g. 800m runner (speed endurance based acitvities)

35
Q

Type IIb muscle fibres ( fast twitch)

A

Short term anerobic- Colour white
Very fast contraction speed, very high force production
Large fibre diameter, Very large motor neuron size
Low fatigue resistance
Low capillary, mitochondria, Oxiodative density
High glycolytic capacity
Fuel source: creatine phosphate, glyocogen
e.g. 100m sprint, javelin ( explosive movements)

36
Q

Role of genetics

A

Specific % of Red/white Fibres is genetically determined, remain the same whole life
High Percentage of type I fibres (80+%) is successful at endurance events
High percentage of type II fibres (80+%) successful at explosive events

37
Q

Force- Velocity

A
  • Describes relationship between force production and the velocity of movement.
  • Max force at low velocity
  • As velocity increases, force generated decreases
  • Only small force generated when muscle contracts at maximum velocity
38
Q

Force- length

A
  • Relates to the amount of force that can be produced at varying muscle lengths.
  • When muscle is shortened only small force can be generated due to greatest overlap of actin and myosin filaments, reducing potential to contract
  • When muscle at mid length (resting length), greatest force generated due to optimal overlap of actin and myosin filaments
  • When muscle fully lengthened, only small force can be generated due to insufficient overlap of actin and myosin filaments, reducing potential to contract

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