PE exam revison (musculoskeletal/cardiovascular/respritory system) Flashcards
functions of the CVS
1) circulates blood around body
2) transports water, oxygen and nutrients to the cells
3) transports waste including CO2 away from cells
4) maintains correct body temp
5) fights disease through WBC and antibodies contained in blood
What are the 4 chambers of the heart and what do they do
4 chambers
2 atria, left and right
- upper chambers that recieve blood
2 ventricles, left and right
- the lower chambers that pump blood
The cardiac cycle
Involves the heart filling with blood and then pumping this to the rest of the body
4 stages of the cardiac cycle
Stage 1: Arterial Diastole
Stage 2: Ventricular Diastole
Stage 3: Arterial Systole
Stage 4: Ventricular Systole
What happens in the 4 stages of the cardiac cycle
Stage 1: Arterial diastole
- blood comes from body and lungs, filling artia
Stage 2: Ventricular diastole
- pressure build up causes the valves to open, blood flows into ventricles, valves shut
Stage 3: Arterial systole
- atria contract and blood is forced into the ventricles and pressure increase to be greater than that in the aorta pulmonary artery
Stage 4: Ventricular systole
- pulmonary valve + aortic valve both open ventricles contract, forcing blood into aorta to move to body or pulmonary artery to the lungs
Systole
a contraction of the heart
Diastole
a relaxation of the heart
Heart Rate
number of times the heart contracts/beats per minutes
Stroke Volume
the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per heart beat
Cardiac Output
the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute mL/beat
How to find cardiac output
HR x SV, measured in L/min
function of blood vessels
transport network which carries waste and nutrients around the body
Arteries
thick, elastic blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
Veins
thinner, less elastic blood vessels that carry blood to the heart
Blood
Fluid that is circulated by the heart, around the body
Thermoregulation
The maintenance of core body temperature
Homeostasis
a constant internal environment for optimal functioning of the body and its systems
Vasodilation
process in which blood vessels increase their diameter causing an increase in blood flow
Vasoconstriction
process in which blood vessels narrow or constrict, causing a decrease in blood flow
Hypothermia
is a reduced core body temp below 35 degrees celcius
Hyperthermia
is a rise in core body temp above 37.5-38.3 degrees
what causes an increase in stroke volume
SV increases to allow more oxygen to be delivered to the working muscles to create energy
VO2 max
VO2 diff
the difference between the concentration of oxygen in the arterial blood and the concentration of oxygen in the blood in the veins
what causes an increase in Heart Rate
during exercise HR increases above resting levels
what causes and increase in cardiac output
increase in SV and HR causes and increase in Q due to SV x HR = Q
what are acute responses
immediate, short-term responses that occur due to the greater demand for and a more efficient delivery of oxygen and fuels to the working muscles to create energy and remove waste products
platelets
small, colourless cell fragments in our blood that form clots and stop or prevent bleeding
functions of the respiratory system
1) brings air from the atmosphere into the lungs
2) transfers oxygen into the blood
3) removes CO2 from blood
4) expels heat and water vapour in the air breathed out
5) allows vocal cords to create speech as air is expelled
3 parts of respiratory system
1) conduction system
2) pleura
3) diaphragm
pathway of air
nasal cavity, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, brochioles, alveoli
Ventilation
the amount of air that is inspired and expired during 1 minute
Tidal Volume
the amount of air breathed in and out in one breath
Respiratory rate
the amount of breaths per minute
How is ventilation calculated
tidal volume x respiratory rate,
TV x RR =V
Inspiration - process
- The process of breathing in, movement of air from external to lungs
- intercoastal muscles contract, chest cavity expands, air pressure in the lungs lowers
expiration - process
- the movement of air out from the lungs to the external environment
- diaphragm pushes up into a dome shape, chest cavity size decreases
Vital capacity
the max amount of air that can be expired after maximal expiration
VO2 max
the max amount of oxygen per minute that can be taken in, transported and used by the working muscles to produce ATP
Diffusion
the movement of gas from high to low concentration
Pulmonary diffusion
a process to describe the exchange of gases in the lungs
gas exchange in the alveoli/capillary interface
in the lungs
oxygen in, CO2 out
gas exchange in the capillary/muscle interface
at the cells
oxygen for energy production, waste removal
exchange of gas in the lungs - pulmonary diffusion process
- during inspiration, air enters alveoli in lung
- oxygen moves from the alveoli (high concentration) to the capillaries (low concentration) through thin walls
- oxygen attaches to haemoglobin in red blood cells and is transported to muscles and other cells
- during expiration, CO2 moves from the capillaries (higher concentration) into the alveoli and is expelled
exchange of gas at muscle (cell) site
- at the muscle site, the concentration of gases is the reverse of the lungs
- oxygen-rich blood is delivered to muscles to meet energy demands
- oxygen moves from capillaries (higher concentration) into the muscles (lower concentration) through thin capillary walls
- CO2, produced by muscles during energy production, moves from the muscles (higher concentration) into the capillaries (lower concentration) to be transported back to the lungs and expelled
continuous training + benefits
- submaximal training lasting longer than 20 minutes
- exercising at a consistent intensity over a prolonged period
- increased blood flow and delivery of oxygen
- increased oxygen carrying capacity and waste removal
EPO and why it enhanced lance’s performance
- a naturally occurring hormone which stimulates the production of RBC
- increases red blood cell production which increases the oxygen carrying capacity to muscles
Blood doping and why it enhanced lance’s performance
- the process of infusing extra human blood into an athletes body prior to performance
- increased red blood cell mass, thus improving oxygen delivery to muscles
what does the CVS do in extreme heat?
- Increased heart rate, to try and pump more blood to the body’s surface to release heat
- Sweating, to try and cool body down and providing essential blood flow
- Vasodilation, dilating and expanding of blood vessels to increase blood flow and release more heat
what does the CVS do in extreme cold?
- Increased heart rate, to ensure warm blood is reaching all the vital muscles
- Shivering, generating heat through muscle activity
- Vasoconstriction, blood vessels to the skin narrow and constrict to decrease blood flow to stop heat loss
interval training + benefits
- consists of intervals of work followed by equal intervals of work followed by equal intervals of rest/recovery
- increased blood flow and delivery of oxygen
- increased oxygen carrying capacity and waste removal
Altitude training + benefits
- involves training at levels higher than 1500m above sea level to induce physiological changes that enhance the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood
- increase in number of capillaries
- increase of EPO production
- increase in production of RBC
Acute injury
-occurs quickly, painful, loss of function
- direct (external force)
- indirect (internal force)
eg: facture, sprain, strain
Gliding joint
- synovial joint
- allows on gliding and sliding movements
- eg: carpals and tarsals
3 criteria’s to ban a substance
- potential to or does enhance performance
- goes against spirit of the sport
- potential risk to users health
Types of muscles - state whether they are voluntary or involuntary
Cardiac- involuntary
Skeletal- voluntary
Smooth- involuntary
Chronic
- usually start as acute
- intensify by prolonged weakness
- due to insufficient recovery/rehabilitation
3 Joint types - movement and example
Fibrous- immovable
eg: skull, sternum, pelvis, sacrum
Cartilaginous- slightly moveable
eg: vertebrae
Synovial- freely moveable
eg: hip, knee, shoulder
Antagonist
- relaxing muscle
- muscle that lengthens
Osteoporosis
- weakened or thinning of the bones
- can be diagnosed through measuring of bone density
Agonist
- Prime mover
- muscle that contracts
when pectoralis major is the agonist what is the antagonist?
Trapezius
Pennate muscles
- run at angles to tendons
- do not provide much mobility, designed for strength and power
- unipennate
- multipennate
- bipennate
Skeletal muscle
- consists of thousands of muscle fibres made of myofibril that run along the length of the muscle
- creates movement by pulling on the bones to which they are attached
fusiform muscles
- low force, contraction over a long range
- run along muscle belly
- designed for mobility
Bipennate muscles
- fibres run along/off both sides of the central tendon
eg: rectus femoris in the quadriceps
Multipennate muscles
- fibres brand out from several tendons
- bodies greatest force
eg: deltoid
Type 2B + characteristics
- very fast contraction
- fast twitch glycolytic
- white
- fatigue easily
- suited to high intensity, short duration (anaerobic)
eg: 100m
Type 2A + characteristics
- fast contraction
- fast twitch oxidative
- pinkish
- relatively resistant to fatigue
- aerobic and anaerobic
eg: 400-800, soccer, netball
Extension
- increase in angle of a joint
- extending of elbow or knee
(straightening)
Adduction
- movements of a body part towards the midline of the body
Plantarflexion
- increase in angle between foot and lower leg
eg: toes pointing downwards
Flexion
- decrease in angle of the joint
- bending the elbow or knee
Dorsiflexion
- The decrease in angle of the joint between the foot and the lower leg
eg: pointing toes to the sky
Deep
- towards the inner part of the body
eg: the liver is deep to the skin
Circumduction
- the movement of the end of a body part in a circular motion
Posterior
- towards the back of the body
eg: the scapula is on the posterior side of the body
Inferior
- downwards part of the body
- towards feet
axial skeleton
skull, ribs, sternum, spine
superior
- upwards part of the body
- towards the head
Abduction
- movement of a body part away from the midline of the body
anterior
- towards the front if the body
eg: the patella is on the anterior side of the body
distal
- further away from the trunk of the body
eg: the phalanges are distal to the patella
Depression
- the movement of the shoulders away from the head
eg: returning of shoulder to normal position
Supernation
- rotation of the hand so the thumb is facing outwards
eg: palm facing up
Eversion
- movement of the sole of the foot away from the midline
eg: ankle twisting out
rotation
- movement of a body part around a central axis
Proximal
- closer to the trunk of the body
eg: the humerus is proximal to the femur
superficial
- closer to the surface of the body
eg: the ribcage is superficial to the heart
Supine
- face up
eg: lying on your back
Lateral
- away from the midline of the body
eg: the humerus is lateral to the sternum
Elevation
- the movement of the shoulder towards the head
eg: raising shoulders (shrugging)
Pronation
- rotation of the hand so the thumb is facing inwards
eg: palm facing down
Prone
- face down
eg: doing a pushup
Inversion
- movement of the sole of the foot towards the midline
eg: twisting of the ankle inwards
Medial
- towards the midline of the body
eg: the sternum is medial to the ribcage
when bicep is the agonist, what is the antagonist?
tricep
motorunit
motor neuron and the muscle fibre it stimulates
when the quadriceps are the agonist what is the antagonist?
hamstrings
arthritis
rheumatoid arthritis = chronic joints become stiff
osteoarthritis = degenerative cartilage/tendons wear away
back pain
- injury to bone, joint, tissue or nerves in back
when abdomis is the agonist what is the antagonist?
erector spinae
When the deltoid is the agonist what is the antagonist?
Latimiss Dorsi
When tibialis anterior is agonist what is the antagonist?
gastronemius
dynamic
- joiny movement is produced
- mechanical work performed
- isometeric: conncentric, eccentric
3 illnesses and conditions
- osteoporosis
- arthritis
- back pain
appendicular spine
- appendages of the body
- shoulders, hips, arms, legs
WADA meaning
World
Anti
Doping
Agency
muscle contraction
the origin and insertion are drawn together
Injury types
- acute
- chronic
- overuse
overuse injury
- caused by repeated and/or excessive use of the same muscle, joint, bone
eg: shin splints
factors the affect motor unit activation and force production
- number and type of motor unit stimulated
- size of the muscle
- initial length of the muscle that is being activated
- angle of the joint
- muscle speed of action
static
- no mechanical work
- joint position maintained
- isometric
explain how movement occurs in musculoskeletal system
- brain sends electrical nervous muscle down spine to motor nerves
- the motor nerve separates into smaller motor neurons that attach to individual muscle
- the nerve impulse jumps the gap when it meets the muscle fibre
- the muscle will contract until brain stops sending messages and/or energy source runs out
Type 1 muscle fibre + characterisitics
- slow contraction
- slow twitch-oxidative
- red
- resistant to fatigue
- low intensity, long duration, aerobic work
eg: marathon, tour de france
tendons
inelastic and very strong, allow movement by helping muscles pull through the joint and on the bones
types of muscle fibres
type 1- slow-twitch
type 2a- fast twitch
type 2b- fast-twicth
synergist
muscle that assists agonist
reciprocal inhibition
is the process of one muscle contracting (agonist) while the other muscle relaxes (antagonist) to create movement
ball and socket joint
- type of synovial joint
- allows free/wide range movement
eg: hip, shoulder
saddle joint
- synovial joint
- allows movement in 2 directions
eg: thumb
ligaments
cross over joints, joining bone to bone
cartlidge
smooth, slightly elastic tissue found in various forms within the body
antagonist
is the muscle that lengthens and relaxes to allow movement to occur
isoinertial
- concentric: contracts
- eccentric: elongates/lengthens
(contracts and changes length)
concentric contraction
- muscle shortens
eg: bicep curl, bicep muscle shortens when weight is lifted
motor unit
consists of one motor neuron and the muscle fibre its stimulates
the ‘all or nothing’ principle
the all or nothing principle states that the nerve impluse will not stimulate the muscle fibres unless it reaches a certain threshold. when it reaches that threshold then all motor units will contract at once
3 functions of muscular system
- allows movement
- adequate posture
- maintain essential bodily fluids
stabiliser
is the group of muscle that ensure that the joint remains stable during movement
5 types of bones + examples
- flat: scapula, ribs, sternum, skull
- irregular: vertebrae, bones of head
- sesamoid: patella
- short: carpals and tarsals
- long: femur, phalanges, humorous
pivot joint
- synovial joint
- where one bone rotates around another
eg: neck, radius and ulna
isometric contraction
- most amount of force
- no lengthening or shortening
eg: plank, hang from bar
eccentric contraction
- muscle elongates
eg: lowering the body during a squat
hinge joint
- synovial joint
- allows movement in one direction
eg: elbow, knee
vertebrae column names + spine + order + how many vertebrae in each
1) cervical - 7
2) thoracic - 12
3) lumbar - 5
4) sacrum - 4
5) coccyx - 5
muscle insertion
- usually attached to the bone that moves most when the muscle contracts
- further from body’s midline
small motor units
- slow contracting
- easily recruited
- fatigue resistant
- used for prolonged activities (walking/posture)
large motor units
- fast contracting
- less easily recruited and excitable
- rapidly fatiguable
- used for high force activities (sprinting, hitting, jumping)
unipennate muscles
- fibres found on one side of a central tendon
eg: semimembranous in hamstring and tibialis anterior
muscle origin
is the fixed point of attachment that is closer to the body’s midline
agonist
- prime mover
- causes major action
types of muscle contractions
- isotonic
- isometric
- isokinetic
isometric
- generates most amount of force
- no change in length of contraction muscle (hold)
condyloid joint
- synovial joint
- allows movement in two directions
eg: wrist
bipennate muscles
- fibres run along/off both sides of the central tendon
eg: rectus femoris in he quadriceps
multipennate muscle
fibres branch put from several tendons
eg: deltoid
- body’s greatest force
