PDS Flashcards
Opportunity cost measures…
Opportunity cost measures the cost of any choice in terms of the next best alternative foregone
foregone benefit = opportunity cost
Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA)
Cost-effectiveness analysis is relatively easy to undertake and the benefits are measured as a single unidimensional outcome; however, other potentially important outcomes may be ignored. This unidimensionality may result in drawing erroneous conclusions from CEA.
Costs versus single outcome
Incremental cost effectiveness ratios (ICERs) are used to compare the interventions
Lower the ICER the more effective
Cost-utility analysis (CUA)
Cost-utility analysis measures more aspects of health and well-being than a single natural unit. QALYs and HYEs assume that the only potential benefit from health care is improvement in health-related quality of life. The different methods available to estimate QALYs may not provide identical results and CUA is more complex to undertake than CEA.
Uses a common measurable unit (QALY) to decide which is best, so considers lots of factors, but ultimately is only concerned with health benefits.
Cost-benefit analysis (CBA)
Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is the only form of evaluation that addresses whether the benefits of an intervention exceed its costs. So basically the benefits are given monetary value and then the cost of the intervention is subtracted.
Hard to assign monetary value to things in health.
Primary prevention
Primary prevention aims to prevent disease or injury before it ever occurs. This is done by preventing exposures to hazards that cause disease or injury, altering unhealthy or unsafe behaviours that can lead to disease or injury, and increasing resistance to disease or injury should exposure occur.
Immunisation
Food hygiene
Water supply
Sexual health advice
Secondary prevention
Secondary prevention aims to reduce the impact of a disease or injury that has already occurred. This is done by detecting and treating disease or injury as soon as possible to halt or slow its progress, encouraging personal strategies to prevent reinjury or recurrence, and implementing programs to return people to their original health and function to prevent long-term problems.
Screening
Exercise programs/daily aspirin
Modified work so injured or ill workers can return safely to their jobs.
Tertiary prevention
Tertiary prevention aims to soften the impact of an ongoing illness or injury that has lasting effects. This is done by helping people manage long-term, often-complex health problems and injuries (e.g. chronic diseases, permanent impairments) in order to improve as much as possible their ability to function, their quality of life and their life expectancy.
Cardiac or stroke rehabilitation programs and chronic disease management programs (e.g. for diabetes, arthritis, depression, etc.)
Support groups that allow members to share strategies for living well
Vocational rehabilitation programs to retrain workers for new jobs when they have recovered as much as possible.
Greatest burden of disease?
biggest aetiological factor in cancer?
Smoking
diet
Patient safety error
Involves multiple levels - aka doctor and nurse
Medical error
Individual honest mistake
A medical error is a preventable adverse effect of care, whether or not it is evident or harmful to the patient. This might include an inaccurate or incomplete diagnosis or treatment of a disease, injury, syndrome, behavior, infection, or other ailment.
Medical negligence
Medical negligence happens when the medical practitioner fails to provide the care which is expected in each case thus resulting in injury or death of the patient.
Fitness to practice issue
Drinking alcohol on ward etc
