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microanatomy > PDL (UNIT 4) > Flashcards

PDL (UNIT 4) Flashcards

1
Q

Components of the Periodontium:

A

Cementum
Alveolar bone
Periodontal Ligaments
Gingiva

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2
Q

Periodontium: Functions

A
  • Support
  • Sensory
  • Nutriative
  • Defensive
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3
Q

Sensory function of the periodontium:

A

Touch, pain, pressure and Proprioception. (not just pain ☺)

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4
Q

Support function of the periodontium:

A

Anchors the tooth in the alveolar bone socket. Permits tooth movement caused by forces of mastication or orthodontic procedures

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5
Q

Nutritive function of the periodontium:

A

Abundant blood vessels nourish the cells of PDL, cementum & alveolar bone.

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6
Q

Defensive function of the periodontium:

A

Cells in PDL combat periodontal disease (that results in irreversible changes due to loss of collagen and possible tooth loss).

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7
Q

What stage is the PDL developed in?

A

Root stage

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8
Q

Where is the Periodontal Ligament
Developed from?

A

Ectomesenchyme
(neural crest)

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9
Q

what happens to Echtomesenchymal cells that don’t quite reach the dentinal surface?

A

they are stimulated to become fibroblasts that have long tethering processes making the periodontal ligament.

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10
Q

What do fibroblasts in the dental sac secrete during periodontal ligament development?

A

collagen fibers

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11
Q

What is the function of the collagen fibers secreted by fibroblasts in the dental sac?

A

They extend to connect the developing alveolar bone and cementum.

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12
Q

What is a major component of the periodontal ligament’s extracellular matrix?

A

Glycosaminoglycans with 70% water.

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13
Q

What role does Glycosaminoglycans play in the periodontal ligament?

A
  • It helps dampen occlusal forces.
  • It acts as an inhibitor to mineralization.
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14
Q

What is the relationship between PDL blood vessels and dental pulp vessels?

A

PDL blood vessels anastomose (connect) with vessels in the dental pulp.

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15
Q

Why does the periodontal ligament require a high blood supply?

A

To support the high rate of cell and fiber turnover in the PDL.

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16
Q

what type of cells are found in the connective tissue of the PDL?

A

Fibroblasts

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17
Q

What is the main function of fibroblasts in connective tissue proper?

A

Fibroblasts produce collagen fibers and ground substance.

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18
Q

what types of cells are found in the alveolar bone?

A

osteoblasts and osteoclasts

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19
Q

what kind of cells are found in cementum?

A

Cementoblasts and Cementocytes

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20
Q

What type of progenitor cells are found in the periodontal ligament (PDL)?

A

Ectomesenchymal stem cells.

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21
Q

Which cells are not found in the periodontal ligament (PDL)?

A

Osteocytes and cementocytes, as they are contained within the alveolar bone and cementum, respectively.

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22
Q

What is found in the interstitial spaces of the periodontal ligament?

A

Loose connective tissue
collagen fibrils/reticular fibers
nerves
blood vessels
oxytalan fibers.

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23
Q

What is the function of loose connective tissue in the interstitial space of the PDL?

A

It surrounds the vessels and nerves of the PDL, providing structural support.

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24
Q

What type of fibers are present in the interstitial space of the PDL?

A

Collagen fibrils/reticular fibers and oxytalan fibers.

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25
Q

What are oxytalan fibers in the PDL?

A

Unique fibers that resemble immature elastic fibers

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26
Q

What are epithelial rests of Malassez?

A

resting inner enamel and outer enamel epithelial cells derived/remnants from Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath (HERS).

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27
Q

What is the potential role of epithelial rests of Malassez in the periodontal ligament?

A

a role in the repair of cementum and possibly enamel.

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28
Q

What are principal fibers in the periodontal ligament?

A

collagen fibers that connect the alveolar bone and cementum.

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29
Q

are the principle fibers dense or loose connective tissue?

A

dense connective tissue collagen fibers

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30
Q

What surrounds the principal fibers in the periodontal ligament?

A

cellular processes of fibroblasts

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31
Q

Why are principal fibers in the PDL wavy in structure?

A

to accommodate tension and provide mobility.

32
Q

What happens to the principal fibers in the periodontal ligament over time?

A

There is continual remodeling of individual fiber strands.

33
Q

What are Sharpey’s fibers in the periodontal ligament?

A

Collagen fibers secreted by fibroblasts in the dental sac that become trapped in the newly-formed cementoid and osteoid.

34
Q

are sharpey’s fibers part of the PDL?

A

yes

35
Q

where are Sharpey’s fibers embedded?

A

either alveolar bone or cementum.

36
Q

what are types of principal fibers?

A

Horizontal fibers
Oblique fibers
Apical fibers
Interradicular fibers
Alveolar Crest Fibers

37
Q

Which type of principal fibers are the most common in the periodontal ligament?

A

Oblique fibers

38
Q

What is the main function of oblique fibers in the periodontal ligament?

A

provide the major support against the forces of mastication.

39
Q

what are the gingival fiber group in the PDL?

A
  • Circumferential fibers
  • Dentogingival group
  • Dentoperiosteal group
  • Alveolargingival group
40
Q

What are circumferential fibers?

A

Circular Periodontal ligament fibers that band around the neck of the tooth crown.

41
Q

What is the function of the circumferential fibers?

A

Part of the transseptal fiber system to help maintain the position and spacing between teeth.

42
Q

What is the function of the dentogingival group?

A

connects the cervical cementum to the lamina propria of the gingiva, helping secure the gingiva to the tooth.

43
Q

What does the dentoperiosteal group of fibers connect?

A

connects the cementum over the alveolar crest to the cortical plate of the alveolar bone.

44
Q

What is the function of the alveolargingival?

A

connects the alveolar crest to the lamina propria of the gingiva, supporting the gingiva and tooth.

45
Q

What is the function of alveolar crest fibers in the periodontal ligament?

A

provides some stability to the overlying masticatory mucosa.

46
Q

What is the transseptal fiber system in the periodontal ligament?

A

consists of interdental ligaments that connect all teeth.

47
Q

What types of fibers make up the transseptal fiber system?

A

transseptal and circumferential fibers.

48
Q

Are transeptal fibers considered stable?

A

yes

49
Q

What is the role of transseptal fibers in orthodontics?

A

major cause of post-retention relapse of orthodontically positioned teeth, as they can pull teeth back to their original positions.

50
Q

where do trannseptal fibers extend from?

A

extend from the cementum of the first tooth to the cementum of the second tooth.

51
Q

what does the circumferential fibers surround?

A

surrounds each tooth

52
Q

What happens to the periodontal ligament in hyperfunction (traumatic occlusion)?

A

widening of the periodontal ligament due to excessive occlusal forces.

53
Q

What occurs in the periodontal ligament during hypofunction (loss of occlusal load)?

A

the periodontal ligament narrows, with a more irregular fiber arrangement due to reduced occlusal forces.

54
Q

What occurs to the periodontal ligament during acute trauma?

A

causes tears in the fiber bundles of the periodontal ligament, which may or may not be repaired.

55
Q

What is the gingival sulcus in the dentogingival junction?

A

is the space between the gingiva and the tooth

56
Q

What is the depth of the gingival sulcus in the dentogingival junction?

A

depth varies from 0.5 to 3.0 mm and is considered pathological if the depth exceeds 3.0 mm.

57
Q

What is the sulcular epithelium?

A

the epithelium between the gingival epithelium and the junctional epithelium.

58
Q

what is the junctional epithelium?

A

is the attachment epithelium between the tooth and the sulcal epithelium. It forms the floor of the gingival sulcus

59
Q

where is the sulcular epithelium derived from?

A

from the oral epithelium

60
Q

is the sulcular epithelium keratinized or nonkeratinized?

A

stratified squamous, nonkeratinized epithelium

61
Q

where is the Junctional epithelium derived from?

A

from reduced enamel epithelium

62
Q

is the junctional epithelium keratinized or nonkeratinized?

A

Stratified squamous, nonkeratinized epithelium

63
Q

How is the junctional epithelium attached to the enamel, and what cells are typically present?

A

attached to the enamel by basal lamina and hemidesmosomes. It normally contains inflammatory cells.

64
Q

What structures are involved in the development of the dentogingival junction?

A

involves the reduced enamel epithelium and tooth eruption.

65
Q

How does the reduced enamel epithelium (REE) contribute to the development of the dentogingival junction?

A

The REE fuses with the oral epithelium, and its epithelial cells degenerate, forming a cuff through which the tooth erupts.

66
Q

What happens after the oral epithelium migrates apically during dentogingival junction development?

A

forms the gingival sulcus and sulcular epithelium.

67
Q

How does the reduced enamel epithelium attach to the enamel during development?

A

attaches to the enamel as the junctional epithelium after tooth eruption.

68
Q

The reduced enamel epithelium has a ____________ that is continuous with the oral epithelium.

A

basal lamina (basement membrane)

69
Q

What additional structure does the REE develop to attach to enamel?

A

second basal lamina that faces the enamel

70
Q

How is the junctional epithelium attached to the enamel?

A

hemidesmosomes

71
Q

What is the anatomical crown of a tooth?

A

The anatomical crown is the part of the tooth covered by enamel.

72
Q

What is the clinical crown of a tooth?

A

area of the tooth that is superficial to the junctional epithelial attachment,

73
Q

Why does the point of attachment of the junctional epithelium to the tooth change over time?

A

with age and disease

74
Q

What happens when the junctional epithelium moves to attach to the cementum?

A
  • it prevents the periodontal ligament from reattaching to the tooth surface.
  • Tooth root will be exposed & increase in tooth mobility may lead to tooth loss.
75
Q

What does periodontitis lead to in terms of inflammatory cells?

A

increased presence of inflammatory cells

76
Q

What happens to the junctional epithelium in periodontitis?

A

migrates apically to the cementum.

77
Q

What is a significant consequence of periodontitis on the alveolar bone?

A

causes loss of alveolar bone

microanatomy (9 decks)

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