PDHPE Core 1

Question 1

Measuring health status

Answer 1

• Role of epidemiology
  Tell us about the incidence of disease and death, the prevalence of morbidity and mortality, extent, and factors linked
• Measures of epidemiology
  Mortality: number of deaths in a particular period of time
  Infant mortality: 4.1 deaths per 1000 live births
  Morbidity: Incidence and prevalence of disease
  Life Expectancy
  Females: 84.6
  Males: 80.4

Question 2

Identifying priority health issues

Answer 2

Social justice principles - PEAR
How do we identify priority health issues?
S ocial justice principles
P riority population groups
P revalence of the condition
P otential for prevention and early intervention
C ost to the individual and community

Question 3

Groups experiencing health inequities

Answer 3

1. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders
   Lower life expectancy, higher incidence of disease, CVD leading cause
2. People in rural and remote areas
   Lower life expectancy, higher suicide rates, higher incidence of disease, coronary heart disease leading cause
   - Nature and extent
   - Sociocultural, socioeconomic and environmental determinants
   - Roles of individuals, communities, and governments in addressing health inequities

Question 4

High levels of preventable chronic disease

Answer 4

1. Cardiovascular disease (CVD)
2. Cancer
3. Diabetes
   - nature
   - extent
   - risk factors and protective factors
   - groups at risk
   - socioeconomic, sociocultural and environmental determinants

Question 5

A growing and ageing population

Answer 5

Decline in mortality led to higher numbers of older age groups. An increased population living with chronic disease and disability due to age is impacting severely on the health system and health care services. In 2015, there was an increase in people over 85 who suffered from diseases like arthritis, cancer and dementia while the 65+ age group had high levels of lifestyle diseases like diabetes. This results in a higher demand for health services, leading to workforce shortages. There needs to be a higher availability of carers and volunteers; these are either family or unpaid volunteers who work with organisations like Meals on Wheels.

Question 6

Health care in Australia

Answer 6

• Public and private health care
• Public and private health insurance
• Medicare; equitable as it is provided to all Australians
• Access to health services is inequitable; people living in rural and remote areas and ATSIs have little access
• Institutional and non-institutional care

Question 7

Complementary and alternative health care approaches

Answer 7

Complementary: as well as
Alternative: instead of
Includes homeopathy, naturopathy, hypnosis, acupuncture, herbalism, meditation
Australians spend an estimated $93 million per year on alternative medication or practitioners
World Health Organisation recognises the value of these health care approaches

Question 8

Government health expenditure in 2005-6

Answer 8

According to AIHW, Australian governments spent a total of $86.9 billion on health care, compared to $1476 million on early intervention and prevention.

Question 9

How much do Australians spend on alternative medicine?

Answer 9

Estimated $93 million per year on alternative medicine or practitioners

Question 10

Five action areas of the Ottawa Charter

Answer 10

1. Developing personal skills
2. Creating supportive environments
3. Strengthening community action
4. Reorienting health services
5. Building healthy public policy
   Dead Cats Smell Really Bad