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A - Clinical pathology > PCV and TPP > Flashcards

PCV and TPP Flashcards

1
Q

For haemorrhage what will the TP, PCV and appearance of plasma be?

A

Decreased TP
Decreased PCV
Clear plasma

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2
Q

For Intravascular haemolysis what will the TP, PCV and appearance of plasma be?

A

Normal/increased TP
Decreased PCV
Red plasma

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3
Q

For Extravascular haemolysis what will the TP, PCV and appearance of plasma be?

A

Normal/increased TP
Decreased PCV
Clear plasma

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4
Q

For dehydration what will the TP, PCV and appearance of plasma be?

A

Increased TP
Increased PCV
Clear plasma

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5
Q

What must you do to a sample immediately before testing?

A

Mix it

-manually or tilting rack/wheel

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6
Q

Is PCV and HCT measured or calculated?

A

PCV is measured

HCT is calculated

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7
Q

What are the units used for PCV and HCT?

A

PCV is a %

HCT is L/L

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8
Q

What is PCV and HCT a measure of?

A

The proportion of blood composed of erythrocytes

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9
Q

Can PCV or HCT have a higher perceived value?

A

PCV can be slightly higher

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10
Q

How much should you fill a microcapillary tube for PCV?

A

3/4 full - Although you don’t need to be exact

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11
Q

What tubes can you use blood from for a PCV?

A

Something with an anticoagulant - EDTA or Heparin

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12
Q

Describe the process of measuring PCV manually?

A

3/4 fill a microcapillary tube with blood from a EDTA or Heparin tube
Plug one end with plasticine
Microcapillary centrifuge making sure it is balanced first
Use microhaematocrit reader to determine PCV

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13
Q

Do you need to calibrate a microhaematocrit reader?

A

Yes

You manually move the microcapillary tube and line to calibrate

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14
Q

What 4 things can be found in the buffy coat of a microhaematocrit tube?

A

WBC’s
Platelets
Mast cells - esp. cat tumours
Parasites - microfilaria

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15
Q

What 2 things is the plasma in a microhaematocrit tube be useful for?

A

Appearance - icterus, haemolysis, lipaemia

Total plasma protein

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16
Q

What can cause yellow pigmentation of a microhaematocrit tube?

A

Icterus - hyperbilirubinemia

Large animals from carotene pigments in diet

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17
Q

What can cause a white/opaque colouring of a microhaematocrit tube?

A

Lipaemia - chylomicrons

Either postprandial or disease

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18
Q

What can cause a red colouration of a microhaematocrit tube?

A

Haemoglobin from haemolysis
Either in-vitro from technique or lipaemia
or in-vivo from haemolytic anaemia - intravascular haemolysis

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19
Q

How does a refractometer measure?

A

By estimating the concentration of solute in fluid - solute bends light

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20
Q

What is a problem with measuring estimated total protein by refractometer?

A

It is used to measure protein but other solutes also affect measurement

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21
Q

What 4 things can cause artefactually increase the TPP from a refractometer?

A

Lipaemia
Urea
Glucose
Cholesterol

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22
Q

How does a Quantitative buffy coat work?

A

By density gradient centrifugation and acridine orange dye
Separates cells to count them by variable desnity
Cannot tell difference between some cells - lymphocytes and monocytes

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23
Q

How does an impedence coulter counter work?

A

Each cell that passes through the aperture causes a change in electrical resistance and is detected

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24
Q

How does laser and special stains haematology instruments work?

A

Use impedence, laser flow cytometry and stains which assess size and internal complexity of cells to differentiate
Can work out specific cell types

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25
Q

What are the 3 general types of haematology instruments?

A

Quantitative buffy coat
Impedence coulter counter
Laser and special stains

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26
Q

What is the HGB?

A

Haemoglobin concentration

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27
Q

What is the HCT?

A

Haematocrit

-Volume of RBC’s per litre of whole blood

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28
Q

What is the MCV?

A

Mean cell volume

-Average RBC size

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29
Q

What is the MCHC?

A

Mean cell haemoglobin concentration

-Average concentration of Hgb per RBC

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30
Q

What is the RDW?

A

Red blood cell distribution width

-coefficient of variation of RBC size

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31
Q

What is the reticulocyte Ab count?

A

Absolute reticulocyte concentration

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32
Q

What 3 haemogram parameters are measured instead of calculated?

A

HCT
MCHC
RDW

33
Q

How can you manually measure the HCT by using the PCV value?

A

Measure PCV manually and divide by 100

- HCT=PCV/100

34
Q

What should be the correlation between the HCT and Hgb values be?

A

HCT should be 3 times the Hgb

- HCT = 3xHgb

35
Q

What can cause an increase in MCV?

A

Macrocytosis

36
Q

What can cause a decrease in MCV?

A

Microcytosis

37
Q

What can cause an increase in RDW%

A

Significant macrocytosis
Significant microcytosis
Regeneration

38
Q

What can cause an increase in RBC, HGB and HCT values?

A

Erythrocytosis - polycythaemia

39
Q

What can cause a decrease in RBC, HGB and HCT values?

A

Anaemia

40
Q

What are 2 causes of microcytosis?

A

Iron deficiency

Portosystemic shunt

41
Q

What are 3 causes of macrocytosis?

A

Regeneration
FeLV
Artefact - agglutination or old sample

42
Q

What is a cause of hypochromasia?

A

Blood loss

43
Q

What is a cause of hyperchromasia?

A

Is none since you can’t exceed the saturation level

44
Q

What is a better reflection of red cell size - MCV or RDW?

A

RDW - reflects the spread of size

While MCV is just the average size

45
Q

What is the MCHC index across most mammals?

A

320 - 360 g/L

It is physiologically conserved across most mammals -except higher in camelid species

46
Q

What 4 things can affect the HGB?

A

Haemolysis
Lipaemia
Heinz bodies
Spherocytosis

47
Q

What 3 things should you look at if trying to identify anaemia?

A

PCV
RBC count
Hgb

48
Q

In order rank bone marrow response greatest to least in the horse, cow, cat and dog?

A

Dog
Cat
Equine and ruminants

49
Q

What SI unit are the associated WBC portion of a biochemistry report used?

A

x 10^9 / L

50
Q

What is the TNC?

A

Total nucleated cell count

- WBC + nRBC (immature nucleated RBC)

51
Q

What is the white blood cell differential count?

A

Determines the number of each type of white blood cell present in blood - it is a concentration not an absolute value

52
Q

How do you calculate the absolute white blood cell differential count?

A

WBC x 10^9/L x % of each type

-Percentages can be misleading

53
Q

In cats, dogs and horses what are the 1st and 2nd predominate WBC’s?

A

Predominate neutrophils

2nd - lymphocytes

54
Q

In cows what are the 1st and 2nd predominate WBC’s?

A

Lymphocytes

2nd - neutrophils

55
Q

What WBC do you normally not see many of?

A

Basophils

56
Q

What species have a less pronounced WBC response to inflammation and why is this important?

A

Horses and cattle
Because a small increase in WBC is significant
If you do suspect inflammation in these then look at fibrinogen and serum amyloid A

57
Q

Which bovine disease is unusual with respect to the leukocyte response?

A

Bovine Ephemeral Fever

Causes high neutrophilia with a left shift

58
Q

What is an increase in WBC’s called?

A

Leukocytosis

59
Q

What is a decrease in WBC’s called?

A

Leukopaenia

60
Q

What is a big decrease in all WBC’s called?

A

Panleukopaenia

61
Q

What is an increase in neutrophils called?

A

Neutrophilia

62
Q

What is a decrease in neutrophils called?

A

Neutropaenia

63
Q

What is an increase in lymphocytes called?

A

Lymphocytosis

64
Q

What is a decrease in lymphocytes called?

A

Lymphopaenia

65
Q

What is an increase in monocytes called?

A

Monocytosis

66
Q

What is an increase in eosinophils called?

A

Eosinophilia

67
Q

What is a decrease in eosinophils called?

A

Eosinopaenia

68
Q

What is an increase in basophils called?

A

Basophilia

69
Q

When should you do a corrected WBC count?

A

Where there are over 5 nucleated RBC per 100 WBC

70
Q

How can epinephrine affect leukocyte response?

A

Increase in WBC, Seg and Lymph (cat)

71
Q

How can glucocorticoids affect leukocyte response?

A

Increase in WBC, Seg and decreased Lymph

72
Q

How can acute inflammation affect leukocyte response?

A

Increase WBC, Seg, Bands and variable decrease in Lymph

73
Q

How can chronic inflammation affect leukocyte response?

A

Variable increases in WBC, Seg, Band and Lymph

74
Q

How can overwhelming an animal affect leukocyte response?

A

Decreased WBC and Seg, Variable increase Band and variable decrease Lymph

75
Q

What are 3 clinical limitations of measuring WBC’s?

A

Doesn’t identify specific aetiological agents
Cannot indicate the site of inflammation
May not identify presence of inflammation

76
Q

What 2 body sites may not show up as having inflammation on a biochemistry report of WBC’s?

A

Bladder and GIT

- considered external by the body and may not show up until disease corrodes into the tissue

77
Q

What causes an increased platelet count?

A

Thrombocytosis

  • physiological (epinephrine or splenic contraction)
  • 2ndry to inflammation or neoplasia
  • iron deficiency
78
Q

What can a decreased platelet count lead to?

A

Thrombocytopaenia

Spontaneous haemorrhage if under 30 x 10^9/L

79
Q

What causes an increase in mean platelet volume?

A

Immature platelets suggestive of thrombopoiesis

A - Clinical pathology (3 decks)

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