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A - Clinical pathology > Haematopoiesis > Flashcards

Haematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

What 4 things should you do when interpreting results?

A

Know what normal is for each species
Look for patterns
Link things together and try to provide an explanation
Classify degree of change

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2
Q

Where are blood cells produced in mammals?

A

Bone marrow and lymphoid organs

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3
Q

Where are blood cells produced in adult birds?

A

Bone marrow

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4
Q

Where are blood cells produced in adult reptiles?

A

Bone marrow and spleen

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5
Q

Where are blood cells produced in amphibians?

A

Kidney
Liver
Spleen
and/or bone marrow

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6
Q

Where are blood cells produced in fish?

A

Kidney

and/or spleen

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7
Q

What does the prefix ‘myelo’ generally refer to?

A

All aspects of bone marrow activity, not just granulocytic elements alone

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8
Q

What does myelopoiesis chiefly consist of?

A

Erythropoiesis
Granulopoiesis
Thrombopoiesis

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9
Q

Where are monocytes formed?

A

In the marrow and elsewhere

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10
Q

Where does lymphopoiesis occur mostly?

A

Extramedullary sites -
Spleen
Thymus
Lymph nodes

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11
Q

What are haematopoietic cells and where are they found?

A

They are precursors to haemic cells found in blood or tissue

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12
Q

Do haematopoietic stem cells develop diffusely in the bone marrow or in specific niches?

A

Specific niches

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13
Q

In the bone marrow where do megakaryocytes form?

A

Adjacent to sinusoidal endothelial cells

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14
Q

In the bone marrow where to erythroid cells develop?

A

Around macrophages

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15
Q

In the bone marrow where do granulocytes develop?

A

Associated with stromal cells away from vascular sinuses

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16
Q

Where are haematopoietic growth factors produced?

A

Locally by paracrine or autocrine

Or by peripheral endocrine tissues and transported by blood to the bone marrow

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17
Q

What cells produce HGF and/or inhibitors?

A

All cells in the haematopoietic microenvironment

-including the haematopoietic cells

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18
Q

What are 4 haematopoietic growth factors?

A

Erythropoietin - EPO
Thrombopoietin - TPO
Colony stimulating factors - CSF
Interleukins - IL

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19
Q

What 3 processes make up haematopoiesis? (not steps)

A

Erythropoiesis
Leukopoiesis
Thrombopoiesis

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20
Q

Where is erythropoietin produced?

A

Predominantly by peritublar interstitial cells of the kidney

Also in bone marrow and sometimes liver

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21
Q

What causes release of erythropoietin?

A

Low tissue oxygen levels

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22
Q

What is the time frame from going from rubriblast to metarubricyte production?

A

3-4 days

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23
Q

Where are inhibitory cytokines produced?

A

Sites of inflammation in the body

24
Q

What 3 nutrients are needed for erythropoiesis?

A

Iron - heme synthesis
Vitamin B6 - cofactor in heme synthesis
Copper - release of iron from tissue, into plasma, to transport developing erythroid cells

25
Q

What are the 6 cells of erythropoiesis?

A 
Rubriblast
Prorubricyte
Rubricyte
Metarubricyte
Reticulocyte/polychromatophil
Erytrhocyte
26
Q

What percentage of blood can be made of reticulocytes in dogs and cats?

A

1 - 1.5%

27
Q

What stage of erythropoiesis stops when critical haemoglobin concentration is reached?

A

Cell division of rubricytes

28
Q

What can happen during erythropoiesis if there is haemoglobin deficiency (iron deficiency)

A

Get microcytes

29
Q

What species will you not normally find healthy retics in the peripheral blood?

A

Horse
Cow
Sheep
Goat

30
Q

On a Romanowsky type blood stain, what is the colour difference between early precursors and mature cells?

A

Early - blue cytoplasm

Late - red cytoplasm

31
Q

Why do romanowsky blood stain make early erythroid precursors blue?

A

The cytoplasm is blue due to many basophilic ribosomes and polyribosomes synthesising globin chains

32
Q

As erythroid cells mature what changes occur?

A

Size decreases
Nuclear chromatin condenses
Cytoplasmic basophilia decreases
Hb progressively accumulates which makes them appear red on a Romanowsky blood stain

33
Q

Where does reticulocyte maturation begin and finish?

A

Begins in bone marrow

Finishes in peripheral blood and spleen

34
Q

What is the basic dye you use for reticulocytes?

A

New methylene blue

35
Q

What is the significance of seeing a network of reticulum in a reticulocyte under microscope?

A

It is an artifact

-From precipitation of ribosomal ribonucleic acids and proteins secondary to staining

36
Q

What are the 3 types of myelocytes?

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

37
Q

Are the granules in myelocytes peroxidase negative or positive?

A

Peroxidase negative

38
Q

How do you differentiate myelocytes?

A

By their granule staining properties
Basophils - granules with affinity for blue dye
Eosinophils - stain reddish-orange with eosin
Neutrophils - Granules don’t stain with either dye

39
Q

In dogs how many more mature neutrophils are stored in the bone marrow compared to the blood stream?

A

x 7 more in bone marrow

40
Q

How long is marrow transit time of neutrophils from myeloblast to release of mature neutrophil?

A

6-9 days

41
Q

What happens to the transit time of neutrophils in the presence of inflammation?

A

It is shortened

42
Q

What is the marrow transit time of an eosinophil?

A

1 week

43
Q

What is the connection between basophils and mast cell?

A

They have the same progenitor cell

However basophils mature in the bone marrow whilst mast cells mature in tissues

44
Q

What is the chief stimulator of thrombopoiesis? And where is it produced?

A

Thrombopoietin

Produced in the liver mainly, somewhat in the kidney and bone marrow

45
Q

What are the 4 cells of thrombopoiesis?

A

Megakaryblast
Promegakaryocyte
Megakaryocyte
Thrombocyte (platelet)

46
Q

What change occurs to the cytoplasm during thrombopoiesis?

A

Early stages is deeply basophilic

Later the cytoplasm gets a pink hue

47
Q

What are the 5 general disorders of the bone marrow?

A 
Aplasia/hypoplasia
Hyperplasia
Dysplasia
Myelopthisis
Neoplasia
48
Q

What are some mechanisms of disease for aplasia/hypoplasia of bone marrow?

A

Oestrogen toxicity
Drugs - Griseofulvin toxicity in cats
Poisoning - brackern fern in cattle and sheep
Infection - Parvo
Systemic disease - chronic renal failure, endocrine deficencies

49
Q

What are the 2 types of erythroid hyperplasia?

A

Effective - increased reticulocytosis in response to anaemia

Ineffective - severe iron deficiency, some myeloproliferative or myelodysplastic disorders

50
Q

What are the 2 types of granulocytic hyperplasia?

A

Effective - Neutrophilia in response to bacterial infection, immune mediated inflammatory disorder, necrosis, chemical or drug toxicities, malignances
Ineffective - persistent neutropaenia with bone marrow neutrophil hyperplasia in myelodysplastic disorders or acute myelocytic leukaemia

51
Q

What are the 2 types of dysplasia of bone marrow?

A

Dyserythropoiesis - abnormal maturation and/or morphology associated with ineffective erythropoiesis
Dysgranulopoiesis - abnormal granulocyte and/or morphology associated with ineffective granulopoiesis

52
Q

What is myelopthisis?

A

Replacement of normal haematopoietic cells with abnormal cells
Alteration of marrow microenvironment which results in normal haemopoiesis being compromised

53
Q

What is myelofibrosis and what does it result in?

A

Bone marrow injury due to necrosis, vascular damage, inflammation or neoplasia
Resulting in excess collagen or reticulum

54
Q

What are the 5 kinds of haematopoietic origin neoplasia?

A

Lymphoid leukaemia
Myelomonocytic
Erytrholeukaemia
Megakaryblastic

55
Q

What are the 3 kinds of non-haematopoietic origin neoplasia?

A

Mast cell tumour
Metastatic carcinoma
Sarcoma of bone

A - Clinical pathology (3 decks)

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