PCT

Question 1

Rogers (1980)

Answer 1

All people have the innate abilities for personal growth and a drive towards pre-social behaviour

Question 2

Brodley (1997)

Answer 2

Non-directivity prevents the therapist from interupting the self-determined processes of the client and prevents disempowering the client

Question 3

Patterson (2000)

Answer 3

Reflecting back encourages the cleint to think more about their experiences and allows the therapist to demonstrate their care, attention, warmth and empathy

Question 4

McLeod (2002)

Answer 4

PCT is difficult to use for people with severe psychosis

Question 5

Sanders (2000)

Answer 5

In order to be a person centred therapist, you must:

1. Have a fundamental trust in the clinets ability to maximise their potential
2. Understand that Rogers 6 conditions for theraputic change are necessary and sufficient
3. The therapist does not engage in explicit directivity - they do not determine what the client talks about

Question 6

Cooper (2008)

Answer 6

To demonstrate empathetic understanding, the therapist must pay continuous attention to the clients verbal, non-verbal and bodily communication

Question 7

Gillon (2007)

Answer 7

POINT 1: Empathetic understanding allows for the client to have a deeper insight into their personal experience which allows them to have a deeper connection and insight into their feelings at an organismic level. Experiences that were not previously acknowledged are then given a chance to be intergrated into the self-concept
POINT 2: If the therapist finds it hard to offer unconditional positive regard to the client then the client should be reffered to a different therapist
POINT 3: Psychological contact is a continuum
POINT 4: Clients who require the UPR and EU of the therapist are likely to do the best out of therapy

Question 8

Lord et al (2015)

Answer 8

The level of empathy the client percieves the therapist to be making is predicted by the synchronicity of the language between the client and the therapist

Question 9

Norcross (2002)

Answer 9

Empathetic understanding is important to the theraputic outcome according to the APA Task Force 29

Question 10

Bozarth (2007)

Answer 10

Unconditional Positive Regard frees the client from their conditions of worth and their introjected values with allows for organismic experiences to be integrated into the self concept. This promotes congruence of experiences

Question 11

Sanders (2009)

Answer 11

POINT 1: Unconditional positive regard gives clients a positive self-regard by instilling in them a sense of agency and resilience. Clients are therefore less likely to do things for the approval of others. Unconditional Positive Regard works especially well for individuals who have had vulnerable/humiliating experiences and who have been psychologically abused
POINT 2: Psychodynamic pratitioners argue that unconditional positive regard perpetuates a fantasy of acceptance becasue in reality, tension is common in adult relationships
POINT 3: Psychological contact may not be a necessary condition because a relationship which fascilitates theraputic change can be produced via online/telephone counselling

Question 12

Masson (1990)

Answer 12

Unconditional Positive Regard is impossible and politically unacceptable

Question 13

Flanagan et al (2015)

Answer 13

If unconditional positive regard instillls unconditional positive self regard (Sanders 2009) this is good as unconditional positive self regard is linked to increased leves of post traumatic growth

Question 14

Sommers-Flanagan (2015)

Answer 14

POINT 1: Unconditional positive regard is part of an evidence based practice model for therapist competance. ALthough it is hard to do, it is rewarding
POINT 2: Congruence is a learnt behaviour and attitude that requires openness and honesty and fascilitates engagement between the client and the therapist

Question 15

Kolden et al (2011)

Answer 15

POINT 1: There is little evidence that therapist congruence is associated with better theraputic outcome
POINT 2: Therapist congruence is however related to positive theraputic outcomes in school settings

Question 16

Sue (2013)

Answer 16

Therapist congruence is important for dealing with clients from a diverse range of cultures becasue being open about cultural differences reduces anxiety of racial discrimination on the therapists part

Question 17

van Werde and Prouty (2007)

Answer 17

3 things required for psychological contact:
Contact with the self
Contact with others
Contact with reality

Question 18

Wilkins (2015)

Answer 18

Psychological contact can lessen anxiety and existential loneliness

Question 19

Watson (2007)

Answer 19

POINT 1: Rogers conditions encouraged research into mechanisms for change in psychotherapy
POINT 2: Clients are required to be aware of their inner experiences nd most be motivated to change if positive theraputic change is to occur
POINT 3: The non-diretive approach may be harmful to the client as they may be given opportunities to talk about irrelevent things in order to avoid the problem - non-directivity is not too compatible with structure in therapy
POINT 4: UPR and EU contribute to improved psychological, social, emotional and moral development

Question 20

Lambert and Barley (2002)

Answer 20

Building a theraputic alliance is at the centre of the 6 conditions for theraputic change and a good theraputic alliance is likely to predict good theraputic outcomes

Question 21

Beutler, Moleiro and Tablebi (2002)

Answer 21

Resiliant individuals benefit most from non-directivity

Question 22

Najavits and Strupp (1994)

Answer 22

Critical, cold and neglectful therapists produce poorer theraputic outcomes

Question 23

Strachan et al (1986)

Answer 23

Negative therapist behaviours lead to poorer psychological health and well-being

Question 24

Silberschatz (2007)

Answer 24

POINT 1: Rogers designed the conditions to be empirically testable and operationalisable
POINT 2: Meaningful change can only occur in the context of a relationship
POINT 3: Clients may require more technical approaches than the 6 conditions (E.G. Mindfulness and interpretation)
POINT 4: Each client is subject to the same 6 conditions resulting in a lack of case specificity - Some of the conditions may be harmful to a particular client. Also, PCT has limited itself to only 6 ways of the hundreds of ways you could help to produce positive theraputic change
POINT 5: Patient factors for theraputic change (E.G. Motivation) are ignored

Question 25

Meissner (1996)

Answer 25

Empathy is a bidirectional process which requires the client having the empathy to see how the therapists empathy is useful in order for the relationship to produce positive theraputic outcomes