PCP Expansion - Bleeding Control Flashcards
What are the four types of shock?
- Distributive shock
- Cardiogenic shock
- Hypovolemic shock
- Obstructive shock
What is distributive shock a result of?
- Septic shock
- Neurogenic shock
- Anaphylactic shock
- Endocrine shock
- Toxic shock syndrome
- Systemic inflammatory response syndrome
- End-stage liver disease
What is cardiogenic shock a result of?
- Myocardial infarction
- Atrial or ventricular dysrhythmias
- Valvular or ventricular septal rupture
What is hypovolemic shock a result of?
Hypovolemic shock is largely due to hemorrhagic and non-hemorrhagic fluid losses.
What is obstructive shock a result of?
- Pulmonary embolism
- Pulmonary hypertension
- Tension pneumothorax
- Constrictive pericarditis
- Restrictive cardiomyopathy
How much blood is lost in Class I hemorrhage?
Class I hemorrhage involves a blood volume loss of up to 15%.
What physiological changes would be expected in Class I hemorrhage?
- Normal or minimally elevated HR
- No change in blood pressure, pulse pressure, or respiratory rate
How much blood is lost in Class II hemorrhage?
Class II hemorrhage occurs when there is a 15-30% blood volume loss
What physiological changes would be expected in Class II hemorrhage?
- Tachycardia (HR 100-120)
- Tachypnea (RR 20-24)
- Decreased pulse pressure
- Systolic blood pressure changes may be minimal, if at all
- skin may be cool and clammy, and capillary refill may be delayed
How much blood is lost in Class III hemorrhage?
Class III hemorrhage involves a 30-40% blood volume loss
How much blood is lost in Class IV hemorrhage?
Class IV hemorrhage involves > 40% blood volume loss
What physiological changes would be expected in Class IV hemorrhage?
- Significant hypotension (SBP < 90 mmHg)
- Severely altered mental status or loss of consciousness
- Narrowed pulse pressure is (≤ 25 mmHg)
- Tachycardia (HR >120)
- Urine output is minimal or absent
- Skin is cold and pale
- Capillary refill is delayed
What physiological changes would be expected in Class III hemorrhage?
- Any hypotension (SBP < 90 mmHg) or drop in blood pressure greater than 20-30% of the measurement at initial presentation is cause for concern.)
- Changes in mental status
- Tachycardia (HR >120)
- Tachypnea (RR markedly elevated)
- Capillary refill is delayed
- Diminished urine output
Remember:
While diminished anxiety or pain may contribute to such a drop, the clinician must assume it is due to hemorrhage until proven otherwise.
What classe(s) of blood loss are considered minimal?
Class I
What classe(s) of blood loss are considered moderate?
Class II
