PcM Flashcards
Major Types of Project Delivery
- Design-Bid-Build
- Construction Management Multi-Prime (CM MP)
- Construction Management-at-Risk (CM@Risk)
- Design-Build (DB)
What is Agency CM?
Add-on service that an Owner can use to add expertise to any type of project delivery
What is Lean (Alliance Contracting)?
Overlay to any project delivery method that attempts to reduce the redundant efforts (waste) associated with the current delivery process
Fundamental Decisions an Owner must make
- What type of project delivery method to use
- What will be the procurement method
- What wil lthe contract be like
Generally, 3 parties involved in the process of delivering the project
- Owner
- Designer
- Builder
Design-Bid-Build Characteristics
Two Contracts (Architect & Contractor)
Best Understood
Linear Sequence of Work (Longest Delivery)
Pros / Cons of
Design-Bid-Build
Pros:
- Retain Control of Design
- Procurement laws are well defined
- Low first cost (Bidding)
Cons:
- Final cost changes: Owner responsible
- Most litigious
- Contracto has no input on project
Characteristics of
Construction Management Multi-Prime
(CM-MP)
Many Contracts (Architect, Contractor, Subcontractors)
Linear Design
CM is selected on Qualifications
Pros / Cons of
Construction Management Multi-Prime
(CM-MP)
Pros:
- Retain control of design
- Contractor involved early
- Combine fast track and lowest bids
Cons:
- Owner responsible for changes, overlaps, and gaps in scope
- Lack of subcontractor involvement
- Exposure to CM’s lack of proper oversight
Characteristics of
Construction Management at Risk
(CM@Risk)
2 Contracts (Archtec & Contractor)
CM selected on qualifications and fees
Some constrction risks transferred to GC
Like CM MP for selection and mangement of work
Open book on costs (subs & supplier payments) and procurement process
Flexibility to price project
Subs are re-assigned to the CM
Bonding can be for entire scope of work (GCs and Subs)
Risks can push CM not to act as the agend of the Owner
Pros / Cons of
Construction Mangement at Risk
CM@Risk
Pros:
- Retain control of design
- Conctractor involved early
- Flexibility to price the project
Cons:
- Owner responsible for changes
- Owner’s qualification-based selection of the CM
- Architect may not take input from CM during design
Characteristics of
Design-Build
Single point of contact / responsibility
Often is the fastest delivery
Most cost effective
Need a well-defined scope
Need for timely decisions
Must effectively administer design-build process
Pros of
Design-Build
- Owner retains control of design
- Construction input occurs during the design process
- Overlaps & gaps in scope are identified during pre-construction
- Cost benefit of procuring the construction directly from the trades
- No mark-ups on subcontracts or on changes
- Improved schedule due to early resolution of the design & construction issues
- Packaging of work can allow for construction to start early
- Tighter Control to adhere to scop budget
- CM as Owner’s rep manages the construction in Owner’s best interest
Cons of
Design-Build
- Owner responsible for changes, overlaps, and gaps in scope
- Exposure to CM’s lack of proper oversight
- Subcontractors may be brough into project late in the process
- Need up-front program & performance criteria
- Owner needs to manage decisions on quality
- Owner is pushed for early decisions
What are the Core Values of
NCARB?
- Leadership
- Accountability
- Trasnparency
- Integrity
- Collaboration
- Excellence
What are the NCARB Rules of Conduct?
- Competence
- Conflict of Interest
- Full Disclosure
- Compliance with Laws
- Professional Conduct
What are the 5 Types of Business Organizations for architectural firms?
- Sole Prioprietorship
- General or Limited Partnership
- Corporation
- Limited Liability Company or Limited Liability Partnership
- Joint Venture
Pros / Cons of
Sole Proprietorship
Pros:
- Easy to setup
- Utilizes skills of more individuals
- Tax advantages go to the partners
Cons:
- Partners are responsible & liable for actions of the others
- Partners are personally liable for company’s debt & losses
- If sued, all partners are liable with personal income/property
- Disagreements can lead to dissolved partnerships
Pros / Cons of
Corporations
Pros:
- Financially & legally independent from shareholders
- Continuity that is independent of changes to shareholders/directors/principals
Cons:
- Requires Formal Articles of Incorporation
- Taxed separately (twice)
- Corporation on profits
- Shareholders on dividends
- High cost of start up / maintenance
Characteristics of
Corporations
Association of individuals that exist as legal entity apart from its members. Consist of:
- Stockholders (own portion of corporation–shares). They elect Directors.
- Directors have fiduciary responsibility to act in company’s best interest of stockholders. Broad policy decisions. They elect officers.
- Officers carry out day-to-day management of the corporation.
Characteristics of
Partnerships
General Partnership
- Two or more people
- Share management, profits, and risks
- Income shared and reported on personal tax forms
Limited Partnership
- One partner, one ore more limited partners
- Limited partners are investors who profit with no say in magnement
- Liable only to extent of their investment
Characteristics of
Sole Proprietorship
- Simplest business type
- Owned by an individual
- Can do business under owner’s name or a company name
- Only requires
- Name
- Whatever electronic comm systems necessary
- business liceneses required by local jurisidictions
Define:
Standard of Care
Level of skill and diligence that a resonably prudent architect would exercise in the same community, in the same time frame, and given the same or similar facts and circumstances.
Define:
Departmental Organization
Staff organized indo departments, specializing in different functions.
Every dept works on every project as needed
Project moves from one dept to another from start to finish
Pros / Cons of
Studio Organization
Pros:
- Close & immediate communication among members
- Group problem solving & idea sharing
- Project manager has daily contact with team and client
Cons:
- Expertise may be missing and will need to be brought in
- Disengaged project manager may weaken guidance
- Personality conflicts may arise and interfere with production / cause conflict
Pros / Cons of
Departmental Organization
Pros:
- Efficient
- Able to standardize & fine-tune processes
- Makes full use of specialists
- Creates economies of scale
Cons:
- Inflexible
- Resistant to innovaton & change
- Communication between depts can be a challenge
- Difficult to gain experience and share knowledge outside expertise
Define Studio Organization
(aka Vertical or Tall Organization)
Organized around groups of employees called studios.
Each studio is responsible for completing an entire project from planning to production to construction administration
They can stay as teams or reform as new projects dictate
Define Outsourcing
Contracting with another company to do some of the work needed for a project
Define: Support Staff
Employees other than the professional staff and senior management
Examples:
Administration Assistants, Receptionists, Bookkeppers, Marketing People, Model Builders, Technology Asisstants
Canons of AIA Code of Ethics
- General Obiligations
- Obligations to the Public
- Obligations to the Client
- Obligation to the Profession
- Obligations to Colleagues
- Obligations to the Environment
Canon 3 of the AIA Code of Ethics
Obligations to the Client
- serve their clients competently and professionally
- exercise unbiased judgement
- not accept projects beyond their professional capacity
- avoid conflicts of interest
- be truthful in professional communications
- keep cllients informed about their projects
- maintain client confidentiality
Canon 2 of the AIA Code of Ethics
Obligations to the Public
- uphold the law
- never try to influence a public official with a payment
- never accept payments intended to influence their judgement
- never help a client with anything fraudulent or illegal
- promote and serve the public interest
- render pro bono services
- be involved in civic activities
- strive to imrpvoe public appreciaiton of architecture
Canon 4 of the AIA Code of Ethics
Obligations to the Profession
- uphold the integrity and dignity of the profession
- practice with honesty and fairness
- not sign and seal documents for which they do not have responsible control
- not knowingly make false statements
- be hoenst about their qualifications and about the work they claim credit for
Canon 6 of the AIA Code of Ethics
Obligations to the Environment
- be environmentally responsible
- promote sustainable design in their professional work
- advocate sustainable buildings and site design
- use sustainable practices within their firms and encourage clients to do the same
Canon 5 of the AIA Code of Ethics
Obligations to Colleagues
- respect the rights of their colleagues and acknowledge their professional contributions
- provide associates and employees with suitable working conditions and fair compensation
- nurture fellow professionals through their education, inernships, and careers
- give credit to others for their professional work
Canon 1 of the AIA Code of Ethics
General Obligations
- maintain & improve their knowledge and skill
- seek to raise architectural standards in aesthetics, education, research, training, and practice
- respect and seek to imrpove society and the environment
- exercise leanred professional judgement
- uphold human rights
- not discriminate on the basis of race, religion, national origin, age, disability, or sexual orientation
Two Broad Categories of Accounting
General Ledger Accounting:
- Cost of Day-to-Day Operations
- Banking / Taxes / Audting
- Firm-Wide about overall financial status
Project Cost Accounting:
- Individual Project Accounting
- Revenue / Expenses / Profit
- Differentiate between profitable / non-profitable projects
Define:
Utilization Ratio
Used to determine amount of time spent on billable work as a percentage of total time for which an employee is compensated.
Direct Hours (Billable)
Utilization Ratio = —————————————
Total Hours
Phases of
Integrated Project Deilvery
- Conceptualization (Pre-Design)
- Critieria Design (Schematic Design)
- Detailed Design (Design Development)
- Implementation Documents (Construction Documents)
- Agency Review
- Buyout (Bidding from participants not included in the integrated team)
- Construction (Construction Administration)
- Closeout
Define:
Integrated Project Deilvery
IPD: all participants collaborate closely from the project’s earliest conceptualization to move-in. The idea is the best design, most efficient & cost-effective building will be produced when everyone works together throughout the process.
Define:
Bridging
Combines advantages of the traditional DBB and DB approaches. The owner hires an architect or engineer (AE) to be the project manager and acts as an adviser to develop project requirements used by the selected DBB firm, relieving the owner of the responsibility to develop it themselves.
AE works to get the DBB firm selected, then also hand off the responsibilities to produce the final, detailed CDs. The AE is not legally responsible for the goals of the owner.
Define:
Design-Assist Contracting
Project management method in which specialty subcontractors or trades are included early in the design and construction document phases to help with te development of complex or unique portions of the building.
