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Alterations of Hematological function in children > Pc604 chapter 30 > Flashcards

Pc604 chapter 30 Flashcards

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Sight Words (Ages 4-6) flashcards UMT for Kids flashcards
1
Q

hypertension is an elevation in the ________blood pressure

A

arterial

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2
Q

what is considered primary hypertension/

A

140/90

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3
Q

what is considered pre-hypertension

A

120/80-139/89

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4
Q

What is the most prevelant type of hypertension

A

primary or essential hypertension

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5
Q

what is the cause of primary or essential hypertension?

A

genetics and environment

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6
Q

Primary essential hypertension is asymptomatic until

A

marked end organ damage

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7
Q

The most significant factor in high blood pressure

A

Systolic Pressure -because of the potential of the systolic pressure to cause organ damage

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8
Q

isolated systolic high blood pressure is when the

A

is when the systolic is greater than 140 and the diastolic is LESS THAN 90. (A WIDE PULSE PRESSURE)

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9
Q

what causes isolated systolic high blood pressure

A

Reduced vascular compliance or aortic stiffening related to atherosclerosis.

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10
Q

What age group is isolated systolic high blood pressure seen

A

usually over 65 years of age

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11
Q

Low blood pressure on standing is

A

Orthostatic Hypotension - a rapid change in position causes a dip in blood pressure

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12
Q

What are the causes of orthostatic hypotension?

A

altered body chemistry, prolonged immobility, venous pooling, starvation, exhaustion, drugs

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13
Q

What are the symptoms of orthostatic hypotension?

A

dizziness, syncope, blurred vision

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14
Q

A chronic disease of the arterial system is

A

Arteriosclersosis

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15
Q

Arteriosclersosis causes what in a blood vessel?

A

an abnormal thickening of the blood vessel walls

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16
Q

The most common form of arteriosclerosis is

A

atherosclerosis

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17
Q

What happens in atherosclerosis?

A

soft deposits of intra=arterial fat and fibrin that begin to harden over time are deposited in the vessel wall.

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18
Q

What is the overall significance of atherosclerosis?

A

A vascular problem that can affect all of the vascular tree.

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19
Q

Symptoms of atherosclerosis depend on

A

Depends on where the hardening occurs

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20
Q

Major clinical manifestation of atherosclerosis is

A

Ischemia,

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21
Q

______________initiates and causes the progression of atherosclerosis.

A

Inflammation

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22
Q

An injury to the endothelial wall initiates the __________process.

A

Inflammation

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23
Q

chronic endothelial injury can be caused by

A 
hypertension
smoking
hyperlipidemia
hyperhomocystinemia
hemodynamic factors
toxins
viruses
immune reactions
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24
Q

Name the layers of the blood vessel wall

A

Endothelium
Tunica Intima
Tunica Media
Tunica Advantitia

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25
Q

When there is damage to the epithelial wall, inflammation and____________occurs.

A

Progression occurs.

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26
Q

epithelial injury begins as a ____________

A

fatty streak on the vessel wall

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27
Q

In the second stage of the epithelial injury, a

A

lipid pool forms.

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28
Q

As a plaque in the vessel expands, what happens?

A

ischemia and necrosis occurs in the area

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29
Q

A ballooning or weakening

Area on an artery.

A

Aneurysm

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30
Q

Aneurysms in the chest cavity may cause the following symptoms as they tear

A

difficulty swallowing, shortness of air , or chest pain

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31
Q

when an aneurysm ruptures the layers of the artery

A

split

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32
Q

when atherosclerotic plaque occurs in the arteries of the legs it is called

A

peripheral artery or peripheral vascular disease.

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33
Q

PAD is highly prevelant among what disease group?

A

diabetics

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34
Q

A macrovascular event that causes damage in the diabetic patient.

A

Atherosclerosis

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35
Q

for the patient with PAD the patient complains of pain on exercise as the

A

artery is occluded

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36
Q

the exercising muscle does not get enough oxygen. This is called

A

Intermittent claudication

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37
Q

Because of the poor oxygen and nutrient flow to the lower leg, the leg will be

A

cool, hairless and diminished, esp in the feet.

NO SWELLING INVOLVED BUT THERE MAY BE RUBAR

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38
Q

Myocardial infarction occurs when a coronary artery is occluded by atherosclerotic

A

plaque or other embolism

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39
Q

when the coronary artery blood flow decreases, the heart muscle looses ______

A

oxygen and nutrients

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40
Q

when there is no oxygen to the heart muscle , the injury may be very

A

painful due to ischemia and infarction

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41
Q

Prior to a true MI the patient may experience

A

unstable angina

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42
Q

Reversible myocardial ischemia is

A

unstable angina

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43
Q

The plaque within the coronary artery has become _______when MI occurs

A

complicated

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44
Q

usually occurs at rest
comes and goes
worsening with each episode
patient is anxious, diaphoretic, and soa

A

what happens when unstable angina occurs.

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45
Q

unstable angina is most dangerous when it occurs at

A

rest

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46
Q

caused by a vasospasm of the blood vessel and is totally unpredictable

A

Prenzmetal angina

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47
Q

this kind of angina occurs almost exclusively at rest

A

Prenzmetal angina

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48
Q

This kind of angina occurs at night during rem sleep and awakens the patient

A

Prenzmetals angina

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49
Q

An immune response to group a beta hemolytic strep

A

Rheumatic heart disease

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50
Q

Stable angina is a

A

A recurrent predictable chest pain

51
Q

Stable angina usually lasts how many minutes

A

3-5

52
Q

usually occurs after exercise and is relieved by rest and nitrites

A

stable angina

53
Q

stable angina is caused by

A

myocardial ischemia

54
Q

Preceeds a strep throat infection

A

Rheumatic heart disease

55
Q

An abnormal humeral cell mediated immune response to beta hemolytic strep antigen

A

Rheumatic heart disease

56
Q

The immune response cross reacts with self antigens on the heart muscle brain and joints causing

A

an autoimmune response that inflames and

scars the heart tissue

57
Q

Rheumatic heart disease can cause

A

Carditis
polyarthritis
chorea
erythemia marginatum (a skin lesion)

58
Q

Blood comes to the heart from the

A

vena cava to the right atrium

59
Q

From the right atrium blood goes to the

A

right ventricle

60
Q

from the right ventricle blood goes to the

A

lungs

61
Q

Right sided heart failure is

A

corpulmonale

62
Q

If there is a blockage in the right ventricle we see

A

corpulmonale –blood will collect in the right ventricle.

63
Q

a collection of blood in the right ventricle or corpulmonale will cause

A

dependent edema
jugular venous distention
hepatomegaly
ascities

64
Q

An infarction in the right side of the heart will cause the same symptoms as

A

corpulmonale

65
Q

from the right ventricle the blood goes into the

A

lung

66
Q

In the lung, the blood is

A

oxygenated through a complex exchange at the capillary alveolar membrane

67
Q

oxygenated blood goes to the

A

left atrium

68
Q

from the left atrium blood goes to the

A

left ventricle

69
Q

The left ventricle then gives the final big push to push the blood into the

A

periphery

70
Q

if there is left sided failure within the heart and the volume increases the back flow is to the

A

lung

71
Q

Left means

A

LUNG

72
Q

WHEN BACKFLOW HAPPENS ON THE left side, WE SEE

A

Pulmonary edema

73
Q

pulmonary edema happens on the left side of the heart when

A

the fluid volume in the arteriole is pushed back to the alveoli

74
Q

Manifestations of pulmonary edema (or left sided heart failure) are

A

pulmonary edema-pink frothy sputum.

soa, fatigue

75
Q

Pulmonary edema (or left sided heart failure)can happen in

A

in response to MI, change within the myocytes of the left side of the left ventricle.
Also seen in HTN.

76
Q

.Pulmonary edema (or left sided heart failure) associated with hypertension occurs because

A

because the left ventricle is pushing blood against vascular resistance.

77
Q

Hypertension is about

A

vascular resistance or increased fluid volume

78
Q

vascular resistance or the pushing against the resistance

A

increases afterload

79
Q

An increased volume in the system would be a

A

preload problem

80
Q

Burger’ s disease

A

Thromboangiitis obliterans

81
Q

Occurs in young men who are heavy cigarette smokers.

A

Burger’s disease

82
Q

the pathogenesis of Burger’s disease is

A

unknown

83
Q

Shows evidence of T-cell activation, autoimmunity, and inflammation

A

Burger’s disease

84
Q

Leads to thrombi, vasospasm and occlusion of arterioles in the hands and feet

A

Burger’s disease

85
Q

The most important part of treatment for burger’s disease is to

A

Stop Smoking

86
Q

Raynaud’s disease is

A

arterial vasospasm

87
Q

Cause of Raynaud’s disease is

A

unknown

88
Q

Raynaud’s disease causes

A

endothelial damage with an imbalance in the endothelium-derived vasodialtors and vasoconstrictors.

89
Q

Clinical manifestations of Raynaud’s disease are

A

Changes in skin color and sensation secondary to ischemia

90
Q

Varicose veins

A

Distended, tortuous, palpable vein

91
Q

Chronic venous insufficiency

A

Inadequate venous return over a long period of time

92
Q

Tapenade

A

blockage or compression of a body part

93
Q

Dysrhythmia

A

Disturbance in cardiac rhythm

94
Q

Preload

A

Volume of blood in ventricle after atrial contraction and ventricle filling

95
Q

After load

A

Tension or pressure at must be generated by the ventricle of the heart in order to eject blood

96
Q

Deep vein thrombosis

A

Blood clot that adheres to a deep vein

97
Q

Thromboembolism

A

Detached thrombus

98
Q

Orthostatic hypotension

A

A drop in systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure on standing

99
Q

Aneurysm

A

Localized dilatation or out pouching of a vessel wall

100
Q

Embolism

A

Obstruction of a vessel by a bonus of matter in circulation

101
Q

Pericarditis

A

An inflammation of the pericardial sack

102
Q

Pericardial effusion

A

Accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sack

103
Q

RAYNAUDS PHENOMENON IS DIFFERENTTHAN RAYNAUD’S DISEASE!!

A

YES IT IS :) !

104
Q

Secondary to systemic disease such as scleraderma OR RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.

A

RAYNAUD’S PHENOMENEN

105
Q

Primary vasospastic disease of unknown origin.

A

Raynaud’s DISEASE

106
Q

Both cause a change in skin color and sensation due to the ischemia that occurs

A

Raynaud’s disease and Raynaud’s Phenomenen

107
Q

Pallor, numbness in finger’s and toes due to vasospasm is seen in both

A

Raynaud’s disease and Raynaud’s Phenomenen

108
Q

A disease of the veins

A

Venous insufficiency

109
Q

Arises from venous insufficiency

A

Venus stasis ulcer (and other venous diseases)

110
Q

Inadequate venous return leads to

A

Venous hypertension, stasis, tissue hypoxia

111
Q

Tissue hypoxia (related to venous disease) leads to

A

Inflammatory reaction in the vessel

112
Q

Inflammatory reaction in the vessel (related to venous disease) leads to

A

fibrosclerotic remodeling of the skin and ulceration

113
Q

Mitral valve prolapse is the most common cause of

A

mixamotis degeneration of the leaflet where the cusps are redundant and thickened.

114
Q

Most common valve disorder in the United States

A

Mitral Valve Prolapse

115
Q

Mitral Valve prolapse is seen most often in what population?

A

Young women

116
Q

There may be an autosomal ______

in the inheritance of the disorder.

A

dominant factor

117
Q

Environmental insult to the fetus in the 5th or 6th week of development may be the cause of ____________

A

Mitral Valve prolapse

118
Q

When the left ventricle empties, then there is a billowing up of the ____ into the ____ during _____.

A

leaflets
atrium
systole

119
Q

What kind of murmer can occur with Mitral Valve Prolpse?

A

a regurgitation type murmer.

120
Q

What sound is heard with mitral valve prolapse?

A

a CLICK

A MID-SYSTOLIC CLICK

121
Q

Do people have symptoms with mitral valve prolapse?

A

many do not

122
Q

MVP can mimmick symptoms of a

A

panic attack (causes tachycardia and anxiety)

123
Q

Symptoms of MVP may include

A

palpitations,dysrhythmias, tachycardia, sycope,, fatigue, lethargy, dyspnea, chest tightness, anxiety, panic attacks, depression and atypical chest pain.

Alterations of Hematological function in children (4 decks)

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