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ATPL Radio Navigation > PBN > Flashcards

PBN Flashcards

1
Q

What accuracy is required in Europe above FL95

A

RNAV / RNP 5

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2
Q

What is performance based navigation by definition

A

Area based navigation (RNAV) based on performance requirements for aircraft operating

  • along an ATS route
  • on an in resume to approach procedure
  • in a designated airspace
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3
Q

How does conventional navigation compare to PBN

A

Conventional navigation;

  • sensor based
  • raw data
  • little / no performance monitoring and alerting

PBN;

  • performance based
  • compared data
  • performance monitoring and alerting
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4
Q

What is airspace concept

A

Defines how a particular piece of airspace is to be organised and used

Communications (com)
ATS surveillance (SUR)
Navigation (PBN)
Air traffic management (ATM)

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5
Q

Navigation performance is one factor which is used to determine

A

Minimum route spacing

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6
Q

What 3 components does icao split PBN into

A

Navigation specification

Navigation infrastructure

Navigation application

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7
Q

What is PBN navigation infrastructure

A

Includes both ground and space based navigation aids

  • DME
  • VOR
  • INS/IRS
  • GNSS

NOT NDB

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8
Q

What is the navigation specification

A

Aircrew and aircraft requirements needed to support PBN operations

Accuracy 
Integrity 
Availability 
Continuity 
Functionality
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9
Q

What is navigation accuracy

A

Accuracy requirement that an aircraft needs to be able to be within for 95% of the time

RNP 4 = within 4NM

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10
Q

what is total system error

PBN

A 
Path definition error 
\+ 
Flight technical error 
\+ 
Navigation system error
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11
Q

What is path definition error

A

Difference between the desired path (as set by airspace designers) and the path as defined by the RNAV system

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12
Q

What is flight technical error

A

Ability of the crew to follow the defined path

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13
Q

What is navigation system error

A

Difference between aircrafts estimated position and the actual geographical position

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14
Q

What is navigation specification - integrity

A

Level of trust that can be placed in navigation system to meet the specifications

Designed to there is a 99.999% chance it will meet the navigation accuracy 95% of the time

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15
Q

What is navigation specification availability

A

The% of time that the services used by the system are usable and present reliable information

Only when services are bailable and info being presented can the operation be started

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16
Q

What is the difference between navigation specification availability and continuity

A

Availability determined when you can start the operation

Continuity ensure the system remains available for the entire operation

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17
Q

Navigation specification - functionality

Navigation display required to be able to

A

Show continuity display or the aircrafts position relative to defined path

Identification of, distance / bearing to, active waypoint

Groundspeed and time to active waypoint

Ability to follow database tracks, transitions, intercepts, holds, parallel offsets

Access to navigation database

Appropriate failure indications

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18
Q

Does being approved for a higher accuracy PBN specification automatically approve you for a lower accuracy

A

No

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19
Q

Is the lateral performance requirements linear or angular for oceanic/ remote / en route/ terminal operations

A

Linear

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20
Q

Is the lateral performance requirements linear or angular for approach

A

Angular and linear

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21
Q

What is the international standard adopted for coding or airborne navigation databases

A

ARINC 424

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22
Q

What does ARINC 424 include

A

Information on

Airports 
Runways 
Waypoints 
Navigation aids
Airways 
Arrival and departure routes
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23
Q

What are the 2 ways that waypoints are defined in ARINC 424

A

Fly over
Or
Fly by

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24
Q

How many path terminators are used in ARINC 424

A

23

25
Q

What is a path terminator in ARINC 424

A

Define how to navigate to / from / between waypoints

26
Q

What is an ARINC 424 path terminator IF

A

Initial fix

A point in space that usually defines the start of an RNAV procedure

27
Q

What is an ARINC 424 path terminator TF

A

Track to a fix

Defined a great circle track over the ground between two known waypoints

The preferred path terminator for straight legs between two waypoints

28
Q

What is an ARINC 424 path terminator CF

A

Course to a fix

Specified course to a specific waypoint

29
Q

What is an ARINC 424 path terminator DF

A

Direct to a fix

Defined a track from an unknown position to a known database waypoint

30
Q

What is an ARINC 424 path terminator FA

A

Track from a fix to an altitude

Starts at a specific fix and ends when the aircraft reaches a specified altitude at an unspecified position

31
Q

What is an ARINC 424 path terminator CA

A

Course to an altitude

Follow a specific course until reaching a specified altitude at an unspecific positioned

Typically used as part of departures and missed approaches

32
Q

What is an ARINC 424 path terminator RF

A

Radius to fix

A constant radius turn between two fixes
The radius, arc length and fixed are defined as part of an RF leg

33
Q

What is a fixed radius transition (FRT)

A

En route procedure where RNAV system creates a turn between 2 route segments

Depends on altitude

High alt (>FL195) = 22.5 NM 
Low alt = 15NM
34
Q

What is the necessary information to define the hold for ARINC 424

A 
Fix identifier 
Inbound holding course 
Turn direction 
Leg length / time 
Min / max altitude 
Holding speed
35
Q

What does ARINC 424 allow you to do in the hold

A

Enter hold at any point

36
Q

What is a PBN offset flight path for

A

To allow multiple aircraft to fly the same route

Separated laterally in 1nm increments

Max 20 NM

When cancelled RNAV will automatically steer aircraft to intercept the principal route

37
Q

When will an RNAV system cancel a PBN offset flight path

A

Entering a terminal area
Starting an approach procedure
RNAV hold
Course change of 90° or greater

38
Q

What is the general difference between RNAV and RNP

A

RNAV doesn’t require on board performance monitoring and alerting

RNP does require on board performance monitoring and alerting = provide higher accuracy

39
Q

What RNP / RNAV requirements are required for oceanic / remote navigation

A

RNP 4
RNP 2
RNAV 10

40
Q

What RNP / RNAV requirements are required for en route, terminal and approach navigation

A 
RNP 2 
RNP 1 
Advanced RNP 
RNP APCH
RNP AR APCH 
RNP 0.3 
RNAV 5
RNAV 2 
RNAV 1
41
Q

What equipment does RNAV 10 and RNP 4 requires

A

2 long range navigation systems

42
Q

What is the lateral and longitudinal separation of RNAV 10

A

50 nm

43
Q

What is the lateral and longitudinal separation of RNP 4

A

30 nm

44
Q

How long can a RNAV 10 aircraft stay operate in RNAV 10 airspace

A

6.2 hours but may be extended by 5.2 - 5.9 hours with additional navigational sources

45
Q

Does RNP 4 require GNSS

A

Yes

46
Q

What are the characteristics of an RNAV 5

A

Continental en route

Also known as basic RNAV (B-RNAV)

Pilots can manually enter waypoint coordinate data

Has no navigation database

47
Q

What is RNP 2 used for

A

Oceanic
Continental En route
Remote

48
Q

What is RNAV 2 used for

A

Continental en route

Arrivals and departures

49
Q

What is RNAV 1 used for

A

Arrival and departures

50
Q

What is RNP 1 used for

A

Arrival and departures

51
Q

What is the characteristics of RNAV 1 and 2

And RNP 1 and 2

A

Pilots are not allowed to manually enter waypoint coordinates

Can only retrieve waypoints by route name from on board navigation database

52
Q

What is the characteristic of a RNP APCH

A

Straight in approach

Retrievable from on board nav database using the procedure name

53
Q

What is RNP APCH LNAV

A

GNSS providing lateral guidance and a continuous descent approach

54
Q

What is RNP APCH LP (localiser performance)

A

Similar to LNAV but GNSS is supported by SBAS for lateral guidance only to provide accuracy similar to ILS localiser

Vertical profile is based on a continuous descent final approach (CDFA)

55
Q

What is RNP APCH LNAV / VNAV

A

Vertical guidance using either a barometer altimeter or GNSS supporter by RAIM or SBAS

It using BaroVNAV the correct altimeter setting is critical
Unless aircraft has approved temperature compensation system then approach is not allowed if the ambient temperature is less than the min temperature stated on approach plate

56
Q

What is RNP AR APCH do

A

Authorisation required

Provides ILS like approaches

Used for more challenging approaches or where tighter separation is required

57
Q

What is advanced RNP (A-RNP)

A

Developed to encompass all phases of flight

Uses

RNAV 5 
RNAV 2
RNAV 1
RNP 2 
RNP 1 
RNP APCH
58
Q

What RNP/RNAV is used for oceanic / remote navigation applications

A

RNP 1
RNP 2

RNAV 10 has

59
Q

What RNAV / RNP is used for en route / terminal / approach navigation applications

A 
RNP 2
RNP 1
Advanced RNP 
RNP APCH 
RNP AR APCH 
RNP 0.3

RNAV 5
RNAV 2
RNAV 1

ATPL Radio Navigation (14 decks)

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