PBN Flashcards
What accuracy is required in Europe above FL95
RNAV / RNP 5
What is performance based navigation by definition
Area based navigation (RNAV) based on performance requirements for aircraft operating
- along an ATS route
- on an in resume to approach procedure
- in a designated airspace
How does conventional navigation compare to PBN
Conventional navigation;
- sensor based
- raw data
- little / no performance monitoring and alerting
PBN;
- performance based
- compared data
- performance monitoring and alerting
What is airspace concept
Defines how a particular piece of airspace is to be organised and used
Communications (com)
ATS surveillance (SUR)
Navigation (PBN)
Air traffic management (ATM)
Navigation performance is one factor which is used to determine
Minimum route spacing
What 3 components does icao split PBN into
Navigation specification
Navigation infrastructure
Navigation application
What is PBN navigation infrastructure
Includes both ground and space based navigation aids
- DME
- VOR
- INS/IRS
- GNSS
NOT NDB
What is the navigation specification
Aircrew and aircraft requirements needed to support PBN operations
Accuracy Integrity Availability Continuity Functionality
What is navigation accuracy
Accuracy requirement that an aircraft needs to be able to be within for 95% of the time
RNP 4 = within 4NM
what is total system error
PBN
Path definition error \+ Flight technical error \+ Navigation system error
What is path definition error
Difference between the desired path (as set by airspace designers) and the path as defined by the RNAV system
What is flight technical error
Ability of the crew to follow the defined path
What is navigation system error
Difference between aircrafts estimated position and the actual geographical position
What is navigation specification - integrity
Level of trust that can be placed in navigation system to meet the specifications
Designed to there is a 99.999% chance it will meet the navigation accuracy 95% of the time
What is navigation specification availability
The% of time that the services used by the system are usable and present reliable information
Only when services are bailable and info being presented can the operation be started
What is the difference between navigation specification availability and continuity
Availability determined when you can start the operation
Continuity ensure the system remains available for the entire operation
Navigation specification - functionality
Navigation display required to be able to
Show continuity display or the aircrafts position relative to defined path
Identification of, distance / bearing to, active waypoint
Groundspeed and time to active waypoint
Ability to follow database tracks, transitions, intercepts, holds, parallel offsets
Access to navigation database
Appropriate failure indications
Does being approved for a higher accuracy PBN specification automatically approve you for a lower accuracy
No
Is the lateral performance requirements linear or angular for oceanic/ remote / en route/ terminal operations
Linear
Is the lateral performance requirements linear or angular for approach
Angular and linear
What is the international standard adopted for coding or airborne navigation databases
ARINC 424
What does ARINC 424 include
Information on
Airports Runways Waypoints Navigation aids Airways Arrival and departure routes
What are the 2 ways that waypoints are defined in ARINC 424
Fly over
Or
Fly by
How many path terminators are used in ARINC 424
23
What is a path terminator in ARINC 424
Define how to navigate to / from / between waypoints
What is an ARINC 424 path terminator IF
Initial fix
A point in space that usually defines the start of an RNAV procedure
What is an ARINC 424 path terminator TF
Track to a fix
Defined a great circle track over the ground between two known waypoints
The preferred path terminator for straight legs between two waypoints
What is an ARINC 424 path terminator CF
Course to a fix
Specified course to a specific waypoint
What is an ARINC 424 path terminator DF
Direct to a fix
Defined a track from an unknown position to a known database waypoint
What is an ARINC 424 path terminator FA
Track from a fix to an altitude
Starts at a specific fix and ends when the aircraft reaches a specified altitude at an unspecified position
What is an ARINC 424 path terminator CA
Course to an altitude
Follow a specific course until reaching a specified altitude at an unspecific positioned
Typically used as part of departures and missed approaches
What is an ARINC 424 path terminator RF
Radius to fix
A constant radius turn between two fixes
The radius, arc length and fixed are defined as part of an RF leg
What is a fixed radius transition (FRT)
En route procedure where RNAV system creates a turn between 2 route segments
Depends on altitude
High alt (>FL195) = 22.5 NM Low alt = 15NM
What is the necessary information to define the hold for ARINC 424
Fix identifier Inbound holding course Turn direction Leg length / time Min / max altitude Holding speed
What does ARINC 424 allow you to do in the hold
Enter hold at any point
What is a PBN offset flight path for
To allow multiple aircraft to fly the same route
Separated laterally in 1nm increments
Max 20 NM
When cancelled RNAV will automatically steer aircraft to intercept the principal route
When will an RNAV system cancel a PBN offset flight path
Entering a terminal area
Starting an approach procedure
RNAV hold
Course change of 90° or greater
What is the general difference between RNAV and RNP
RNAV doesn’t require on board performance monitoring and alerting
RNP does require on board performance monitoring and alerting = provide higher accuracy
What RNP / RNAV requirements are required for oceanic / remote navigation
RNP 4
RNP 2
RNAV 10
What RNP / RNAV requirements are required for en route, terminal and approach navigation
RNP 2 RNP 1 Advanced RNP RNP APCH RNP AR APCH RNP 0.3 RNAV 5 RNAV 2 RNAV 1
What equipment does RNAV 10 and RNP 4 requires
2 long range navigation systems
What is the lateral and longitudinal separation of RNAV 10
50 nm
What is the lateral and longitudinal separation of RNP 4
30 nm
How long can a RNAV 10 aircraft stay operate in RNAV 10 airspace
6.2 hours but may be extended by 5.2 - 5.9 hours with additional navigational sources
Does RNP 4 require GNSS
Yes
What are the characteristics of an RNAV 5
Continental en route
Also known as basic RNAV (B-RNAV)
Pilots can manually enter waypoint coordinate data
Has no navigation database
What is RNP 2 used for
Oceanic
Continental En route
Remote
What is RNAV 2 used for
Continental en route
Arrivals and departures
What is RNAV 1 used for
Arrival and departures
What is RNP 1 used for
Arrival and departures
What is the characteristics of RNAV 1 and 2
And RNP 1 and 2
Pilots are not allowed to manually enter waypoint coordinates
Can only retrieve waypoints by route name from on board navigation database
What is the characteristic of a RNP APCH
Straight in approach
Retrievable from on board nav database using the procedure name
What is RNP APCH LNAV
GNSS providing lateral guidance and a continuous descent approach
What is RNP APCH LP (localiser performance)
Similar to LNAV but GNSS is supported by SBAS for lateral guidance only to provide accuracy similar to ILS localiser
Vertical profile is based on a continuous descent final approach (CDFA)
What is RNP APCH LNAV / VNAV
Vertical guidance using either a barometer altimeter or GNSS supporter by RAIM or SBAS
It using BaroVNAV the correct altimeter setting is critical
Unless aircraft has approved temperature compensation system then approach is not allowed if the ambient temperature is less than the min temperature stated on approach plate
What is RNP AR APCH do
Authorisation required
Provides ILS like approaches
Used for more challenging approaches or where tighter separation is required
What is advanced RNP (A-RNP)
Developed to encompass all phases of flight
Uses
RNAV 5 RNAV 2 RNAV 1 RNP 2 RNP 1 RNP APCH
What RNP/RNAV is used for oceanic / remote navigation applications
RNP 1
RNP 2
RNAV 10 has
What RNAV / RNP is used for en route / terminal / approach navigation applications
RNP 2 RNP 1 Advanced RNP RNP APCH RNP AR APCH RNP 0.3
RNAV 5
RNAV 2
RNAV 1
