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PBN Flashcards

1
Q

What accuracy is required in Europe above FL95

A

RNAV / RNP 5

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2
Q

What is performance based navigation by definition

A

Area based navigation (RNAV) based on performance requirements for aircraft operating

  • along an ATS route
  • on an in resume to approach procedure
  • in a designated airspace
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3
Q

How does conventional navigation compare to PBN

A

Conventional navigation;

  • sensor based
  • raw data
  • little / no performance monitoring and alerting

PBN;

  • performance based
  • compared data
  • performance monitoring and alerting
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4
Q

What is airspace concept

A

Defines how a particular piece of airspace is to be organised and used

Communications (com)
ATS surveillance (SUR)
Navigation (PBN)
Air traffic management (ATM)

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5
Q

Navigation performance is one factor which is used to determine

A

Minimum route spacing

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6
Q

What 3 components does icao split PBN into

A

Navigation specification

Navigation infrastructure

Navigation application

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7
Q

What is PBN navigation infrastructure

A

Includes both ground and space based navigation aids

  • DME
  • VOR
  • INS/IRS
  • GNSS

NOT NDB

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8
Q

What is the navigation specification

A

Aircrew and aircraft requirements needed to support PBN operations

Accuracy 
Integrity 
Availability 
Continuity 
Functionality
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9
Q

What is navigation accuracy

A

Accuracy requirement that an aircraft needs to be able to be within for 95% of the time

RNP 4 = within 4NM

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10
Q

what is total system error

PBN

A 
Path definition error 
\+ 
Flight technical error 
\+ 
Navigation system error
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11
Q

What is path definition error

A

Difference between the desired path (as set by airspace designers) and the path as defined by the RNAV system

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12
Q

What is flight technical error

A

Ability of the crew to follow the defined path

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13
Q

What is navigation system error

A

Difference between aircrafts estimated position and the actual geographical position

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14
Q

What is navigation specification - integrity

A

Level of trust that can be placed in navigation system to meet the specifications

Designed to there is a 99.999% chance it will meet the navigation accuracy 95% of the time

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15
Q

What is navigation specification availability

A

The% of time that the services used by the system are usable and present reliable information

Only when services are bailable and info being presented can the operation be started

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16
Q

What is the difference between navigation specification availability and continuity

A

Availability determined when you can start the operation

Continuity ensure the system remains available for the entire operation

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17
Q

Navigation specification - functionality

Navigation display required to be able to

A

Show continuity display or the aircrafts position relative to defined path

Identification of, distance / bearing to, active waypoint

Groundspeed and time to active waypoint

Ability to follow database tracks, transitions, intercepts, holds, parallel offsets

Access to navigation database

Appropriate failure indications

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18
Q

Does being approved for a higher accuracy PBN specification automatically approve you for a lower accuracy

A

No

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19
Q

Is the lateral performance requirements linear or angular for oceanic/ remote / en route/ terminal operations

A

Linear

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20
Q

Is the lateral performance requirements linear or angular for approach

A

Angular and linear

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21
Q

What is the international standard adopted for coding or airborne navigation databases

A

ARINC 424

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22
Q

What does ARINC 424 include

A

Information on

Airports 
Runways 
Waypoints 
Navigation aids
Airways 
Arrival and departure routes
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23
Q

What are the 2 ways that waypoints are defined in ARINC 424

A

Fly over
Or
Fly by

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24
Q

How many path terminators are used in ARINC 424

25
What is a path terminator in ARINC 424
Define how to navigate to / from / between waypoints
26
What is an ARINC 424 path terminator IF
Initial fix A point in space that usually defines the start of an RNAV procedure
27
What is an ARINC 424 path terminator TF
Track to a fix Defined a great circle track over the ground between two known waypoints The preferred path terminator for straight legs between two waypoints
28
What is an ARINC 424 path terminator CF
Course to a fix Specified course to a specific waypoint
29
What is an ARINC 424 path terminator DF
Direct to a fix Defined a track from an unknown position to a known database waypoint
30
What is an ARINC 424 path terminator FA
Track from a fix to an altitude Starts at a specific fix and ends when the aircraft reaches a specified altitude at an unspecified position
31
What is an ARINC 424 path terminator CA
Course to an altitude Follow a specific course until reaching a specified altitude at an unspecific positioned Typically used as part of departures and missed approaches
32
What is an ARINC 424 path terminator RF
Radius to fix A constant radius turn between two fixes The radius, arc length and fixed are defined as part of an RF leg
33
What is a fixed radius transition (FRT)
En route procedure where RNAV system creates a turn between 2 route segments Depends on altitude ``` High alt (>FL195) = 22.5 NM Low alt = 15NM ```
34
What is the necessary information to define the hold for ARINC 424
``` Fix identifier Inbound holding course Turn direction Leg length / time Min / max altitude Holding speed ```
35
What does ARINC 424 allow you to do in the hold
Enter hold at any point
36
What is a PBN offset flight path for
To allow multiple aircraft to fly the same route Separated laterally in 1nm increments Max 20 NM When cancelled RNAV will automatically steer aircraft to intercept the principal route
37
When will an RNAV system cancel a PBN offset flight path
Entering a terminal area Starting an approach procedure RNAV hold Course change of 90° or greater
38
What is the general difference between RNAV and RNP
RNAV doesn’t require on board performance monitoring and alerting RNP does require on board performance monitoring and alerting = provide higher accuracy
39
What RNP / RNAV requirements are required for oceanic / remote navigation
RNP 4 RNP 2 RNAV 10
40
What RNP / RNAV requirements are required for en route, terminal and approach navigation
``` RNP 2 RNP 1 Advanced RNP RNP APCH RNP AR APCH RNP 0.3 RNAV 5 RNAV 2 RNAV 1 ```
41
What equipment does RNAV 10 and RNP 4 requires
2 long range navigation systems
42
What is the lateral and longitudinal separation of RNAV 10
50 nm
43
What is the lateral and longitudinal separation of RNP 4
30 nm
44
How long can a RNAV 10 aircraft stay operate in RNAV 10 airspace
6.2 hours but may be extended by 5.2 - 5.9 hours with additional navigational sources
45
Does RNP 4 require GNSS
Yes
46
What are the characteristics of an RNAV 5
Continental en route Also known as basic RNAV (B-RNAV) Pilots can manually enter waypoint coordinate data Has no navigation database
47
What is RNP 2 used for
Oceanic Continental En route Remote
48
What is RNAV 2 used for
Continental en route | Arrivals and departures
49
What is RNAV 1 used for
Arrival and departures
50
What is RNP 1 used for
Arrival and departures
51
What is the characteristics of RNAV 1 and 2 | And RNP 1 and 2
Pilots are not allowed to manually enter waypoint coordinates Can only retrieve waypoints by route name from on board navigation database
52
What is the characteristic of a RNP APCH
Straight in approach Retrievable from on board nav database using the procedure name
53
What is RNP APCH LNAV
GNSS providing lateral guidance and a continuous descent approach
54
What is RNP APCH LP (localiser performance)
Similar to LNAV but GNSS is supported by SBAS for lateral guidance only to provide accuracy similar to ILS localiser Vertical profile is based on a continuous descent final approach (CDFA)
55
What is RNP APCH LNAV / VNAV
Vertical guidance using either a barometer altimeter or GNSS supporter by RAIM or SBAS It using BaroVNAV the correct altimeter setting is critical Unless aircraft has approved temperature compensation system then approach is not allowed if the ambient temperature is less than the min temperature stated on approach plate
56
What is RNP AR APCH do
Authorisation required Provides ILS like approaches Used for more challenging approaches or where tighter separation is required
57
What is advanced RNP (A-RNP)
Developed to encompass all phases of flight Uses ``` RNAV 5 RNAV 2 RNAV 1 RNP 2 RNP 1 RNP APCH ```
58
What RNP/RNAV is used for oceanic / remote navigation applications
RNP 1 RNP 2 RNAV 10 has
59
What RNAV / RNP is used for en route / terminal / approach navigation applications
``` RNP 2 RNP 1 Advanced RNP RNP APCH RNP AR APCH RNP 0.3 ``` RNAV 5 RNAV 2 RNAV 1

ATPL Radio Navigation (14 decks)

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