Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Brain and Behaviour PBL > PBL5 > Flashcards

PBL5 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
The Brain flashcards
1
Q

what is amlodipine

A

 Ca2+ blocker.
 Acts on myocardial cells in smooth muscle.
 Causes vasodilation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the side effects of amlodipine

A
  • abdominal pain
  • palpitations
  • nausea
  • oedema
  • headaches
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is warfarin

A

 Vitamin K antagonist.
 Lowers the amount of vitamin K present in the body.
 Vitamin K is needed for blood to clot.
 Warfarin is monitored by INR.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what monitors warfarin

A

INR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how do you work out a pack year history

A

 Pack years = years smoked x packs smoked per day.
 15 pack year = 1 pack per day for 15 years.
 15 pack year = pack a day for 15 years / 2 packs a day for 7.5 years.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the INR (international normalised ratio)

A

 Prothrombin time (PT) is the time taken for blood to clot.
 PT varies under different circumstances.
 INR is a standardized result available for comparison.
 A higher INR means the blood takes longer to clot.
 Normal physiological values = 0.8 – 1.2.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is global aphasia

A

 Complete loss of all aspects of spoken and written language.
 Associated with a lesion in Broca’s and Wernicke’s area.
 Broca’s and Wernicke’s area are connected by the arcuate fasciculus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is a stroke

A

a lack of blood supply to the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is atrial fibrillation

A
  • this is a cardia arrhythmia that is often associated with rapid heart rate and detected by abnormalities on an ECG
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the epidemiology of stroke

A 
 200/100,000 per year.
 Rate o stroke dramatically increases between the ages of 75 and 84.
 70% strokes occur in >65s.
 Stroke causes 11% of deaths in the UK.
 Costs £7 billion / year.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the two types of stroke

A
  • ischaemic

- haemorrhage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the risk factors to stroke

A

 Smoking.
 Atrial fibrillation.
 Hypertension.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the physiology of stroke

A

 Hypertension and smoking increase atherosclerotic plaque formation.
 Plaques can then rupture and block vessels causing occlusion.
 AF can result in stagnant blood pooling in the atria.
 This block can be carried into the circulation (embolus) and block vessels in the
brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

describe the blood supply to the brain

A

Anterior Circulation:
 Blood reaches the brain from the internal carotid arteries.
 Internal carotid arteries divides at the optic chiasm into the anterior and middle
cerebral arteries.
 The ophthalmic artery branches off from the internal carotid artery proximally to
supply the eyes.
 Internal carotid arteries provide 80% of blood for the brain.

Posterior Circulation:
 Vertebral arteries supply the other 20% of blood to the brain.
 Basilar and posterior cerebral arteries make up posterior circulation.
 Posterior circulation supplies the hind brain and some aspects of the temporal lobe.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what do the medial cerebral arteries give of

A

lateral and medial strait arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what do the lateral and medial strait arteries supply

A

 These arteries supply the corpus striatum and internal capsule.
 This is where all axons going to or from the cortex pass.

17
Q

what do the MCA supply

A
  • Primary motor cortex.
  • Primary somatosensory cortex.
  • Primary auditory cortex.
  • Primary area for olfaction.
  • Posterior parietal cortex.
  • Broca’s and Wernicke’s language areas.
18
Q

what blood vessel is affected

A

left cerebral artery

19
Q

what is the cause of

  • global pahasia
  • right side facial drop
  • lack of power on the right side
  • equivocal plantar reflex
  • lack of sensation
A

Global Aphasia:
 Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas are affected.
 The arcuate fasciculus is also affected.
 This leads to language and speech difficulties.

Right Sided Facial Droop:
 Corticobulbar tract damage.
 This innervates the facial motor nucleus.
 UMN lesion so contralateral impact.

Lack of Power on Right Side:
 Left primary motor cortex has been damaged.
 Works contralaterally.

Equivocal Plantar reflex:
 A Babinski sign indicates pyramidal (Corticospinal) damage.
 Too early to tell in acute stroke.
 Reflexes may become hyper-reflexic later.

Lack of Sensation:
 On right side of body.
 Damage to the somatosensory centre on the left.
 Contralateral.

20
Q

what is blood colour without contrast in a CT

A

white

21
Q

what is blood with contrast in a CT

A

black

22
Q

what does the CT show

A

 The CTs show no haemorrhage meaning the stroke was ischaemic. - blood would have shown up if it was haemorrhage
 As time goes on infarcted tissue becomes darker on a CT in an ischemica stroke, these only become visible at 3-6 hours
 As the CT scan was normal is shows the stroke was recent, 3-6 hours ago.

23
Q

what is the treatment for stroke

A

 First step for acute stroke without CT scan evidence is 300mg aspirin.
 Antiplatelet therapy can also be used to stop new cots forming.
 Aspirin should be continued for 2 weeks, after which Warfarin should be used.
 Surgery is an alternative procedure to treat stroke.
 Thrombolytics such as tPA should also be used.

24
Q

what does tPA do

A
  • it activates actives which breaks down thrombosis
  • tPA converts plasminogen to plasmin
     Plasmin promotes thrombolysis by cleaving fibrin.

 This results in clot degradation.
 Ischaemia is therefore reduced.
 tPA should only be used for up to 4.5 hours after stroke.
 After this their effectiveness diminishes heavily.
 Thrombolytics may increase the risk of intracranial haemorrhage.

25
Q

what is the prognosis

A

 If thrombolysis is performed within 5 (or 3-4.5) hours there is a good chance of recovery.
 If intervention was not successful, then full recovery is unlikely.
- some revascualrisaiton of the brain may occur
- stroke rehabilitation - this is the process by which patients with disability strokes undergo treatment to help them return to normal life by regaining and relearning the skills

26
Q

what is bendroflumethazide

A
  • this is a thiazide diuretic that is used to treat hypertension causing vasodilation of blood vessels thereby reducing blood pressure
  • it works by inhibiting sodium absorption in the kidney
27
Q

why is the stroke most likely ischemic

A
  • Atrial fibrillation and high blood pressure are both risk factors for ishemica stroke
  • untreated hypertension can damage the blood vessel walls leading to thromboembolism
  • AF can result in stagnant blood int he left atrium which can lead to thrombus formation, if the clot becomes mobile it is called and embolus
28
Q

what is used to reduce the chance of a stroke

A

warfarin

29
Q

when is tTPA lienced

A
  • only within 4.5 hours after onset after symptoms as after this they can become ineffective

Brain and Behaviour PBL (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions