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POPLHLTH 111 > PBL Workshops > Flashcards

PBL Workshops Flashcards

1
Q

Age standardisation: crude death rate

A

sum of all deaths/

total population/time

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2
Q

Age standardisation: age-specific death rate

A

no. of deaths for the age group/

pop size of age group/time

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3
Q

Age standardisation: expected deaths for age group

A

age specific death rate x

no of people in standard pop age group

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4
Q

Age standardisation: age-standardised death rate

A

sum of expected deaths/

standard pop/time

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5
Q

Treat of Waitangi: Languages

A

English and Maori

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6
Q

Treat of Waitangi: Which version sets precedence

A

Maori

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7
Q

Treat of Waitangi: Voluntary or involuntary

A

Voluntary

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8
Q

Treat of Waitangi: Maori population after signing

A

The proportion of Maori pop in NZ decreased rapidly after the signing of the Treaty

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9
Q

Treat of Waitangi: Hāpu

A

Most hāpu signed the Maori version of the Treaty

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10
Q

Is ethnicity always self-identified

A

Not always

In some cases, individuals (e.g. children) may not be able to identify it themselves

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11
Q

Ethnicity / race

A

Ethnicity is not the same as race

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12
Q

Newborn children and mother ethnicity

A

New born children don’t need to be recorded as same ethnicity as mother

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13
Q

How is consistency of ethnicity responses maintained

A

A standard ethnicity question is used for collecting ethnicity

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14
Q

Can ethnicity change over time

A

The ethnicity identified by individuals can be changed over time

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15
Q

Ethnicity coding: recording vs reporting

A

Must be recorded exactly how participants responded into a data warehouse
Can decide how to report individuals’ ethnicity

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16
Q

Main methods of reporting ethnicity

A

Prioritised output
Total response output
Sole/combination output

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17
Q

Ethnicity coding: different levels

A

Level 1: least detailed, 1 digit
Level 2: more detailed, 2 digits
Level 3: more detailed, 3 digits
Level 4: most detailed, 5 digits

18
Q

Ethnicity codes: level 1 - code, ethnicity, priority

A

1: European (6)
2: Maori (1)
3: Pacific (2)
4: Asian (3)
5: Middle Eastern/Latin American/African - MELAA (4)
6: Other ethnicity (5)
9: Residual categories (9)

19
Q

Ethnicity coding: minimum level recorded

A

Level 4

20
Q

Numerator : denominator bias

A

A common error in health research where researchers need to adjust for the classification differences when 2 diff output methods are used
Numerator: prioritised output
Denominator: total response output

21
Q

Ethnicity coding: repetitions in level 3, 2, 1

A

Don’t report repeated codes twice

22
Q

Relative inequality and absolute inequality

A

Similar to RR and RD
Relative inequality: EGO/CGO
Absolute inequality: EGO - CGO

23
Q

How to interpret relative inequality

A

e.g. relative inequality = 2
x are twice as likely to smoke as y
OR x are 2 times more likely to smoke as y
OR x are 100% more likely to smoke than y (RRI = (RR - 1) x 100%)

If result < 1, interpret it in %, e.g. relative inequality = 0.25
x are 75% less likely to to smoke than y (RRR = (1 - RR) x 100%)

24
Q

How to interpret absolute inequality

A

e.g. absolute inequality = 10 per 100
There are 10 more smokers per 100 x than per 100 y
OR out of 100 x, there are 10 more smokers than out of 100 y

If result is negative, e.g. absolute inequality = -15 per 100
There are 15 fewer smokers per 100 x than per 100 y
OR out of 100 x, there are 15 fewer smokers than out of 100 y

25
Q

What is the Haddon Matrix

A

A 3x3 brainstorming table/tool to help identify diff ways of intervening to address injury risks from multiple dimensions

26
Q

Haddon Matrix: Columns

A

Host - the people at risk of experiencing an injury, or the caregiver of the at-risk person
Agent/Vehicle - the people or an object that causes an injury or accident
Environment - the contextual background (environmental determinant) associated with the injury, including aspects of the social/physical setting or health system

27
Q

Haddon Matrix: Rows

A

Pre-event - anything that happened before the injury/accident
Event - the moment when an injury/accident takes place and and at the site of injury
Post-event - anything that happens after the injury/accident beyond the site of injury

28
Q

Haddon Matrix - interventions

A

Interventions can either prevent injury occurring in the first place (pre-event), reduce the severity of injury at the time of accident (event) or reduce consequences of the injury after the event (post-event)

29
Q

Haddon Matrix: Interventions focusing on host or humans in agent/vehicle column

A

Often have an educational orientation, e.g. training, advertising campaign

30
Q

Haddon Matrix: Interventions focusing on inanimate objects in vehicle/agent column

A

Often have an engineering orientation

31
Q

Haddon Matrix: Interventions in environment category

A

Often have either social, physical, or health system, e.g.
Social - financing, legislation, setting up / creating new programs
Physical - street design
Health system - availability of trauma and rehabilitation systems, social attitudes and health

32
Q

3rd dimension of Haddon Matrix: Criteria that could influence likelihood of success of various injury prevention interventions

A

Effectiveness
Cost
Freedom
Equity

33
Q

Haddon Matrix: 3rd dimension - effectiveness

A

Is there good evidence the intervention will work

34
Q

Haddon Matrix: 3rd dimension - cost

A

What are the costs of implementing/enforcing the program/policy
May also be relevant to consider who bears this cost as there may be equity issues
Opportunity costs and cost-effectiveness included here

35
Q

Haddon Matrix: 3rd dimension - freedom

A

Extent to which the freedom of a particular group is compromised can result in resistance to the intervention

36
Q

Haddon Matrix: 3rd dimension - equity

A

Horizontal equity: an intervention that treats all people equally or in a universal way
Vertical equity: a strategy that results in unequal treatment of people based on their unequal risk of injury

37
Q

Haddon Matrix: 3rd dimension - stigmatisation

A

Concept that a program of policy shouldn’t stigmatise people wherever possible

38
Q

Haddon Matrix: 3rd dimension - preferences/acceptability

A

Of the proposed strategy to the affected community/individuals - importance of perceptions involved and socio-cultural context, norms and values

39
Q

Haddon Matrix: 3rd dimension - feasibility

A

If effective, is it likely to be able to be implemented in the setting of relevance

40
Q

Haddon Matrix: 3rd dimension - unforeseen adverse consequences

A

Relates to situations like fencing a property resulting in limited access to house from road and security concerns for vehicle or personal safety

POPLHLTH 111 (5 decks)

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