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LECOM pharm > PBL workshop (1st) > Flashcards

PBL workshop (1st) Flashcards

1
Q

what defines the relationship between the administration of a drug, the time-course of its distribution, and the concentration attained in different regions of the body (effects of body on drug)

A

pharmacokinetics

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2
Q

what is the quantitative description of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and the mechanisms underlying these effects (effects of drug on body)

A

pharmacodynamics

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3
Q

what is the threshold PC (enough drug enters tissues to interact with receptors and produce effect)

A

minimal effect concentration (MEC)

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4
Q

what is the driving force for lipid diffusion

A

concentration gradient

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5
Q

what is the driving force for aqueous diffusion

A

concentration gradient

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6
Q

what is the rate of diffusion equation

A

(available surface area X concentration gradient) / (resistance of membrane X thickness of membrane)

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7
Q

what environment do acids readily denote proteins and become deprotonated

A

aqueous solutions

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8
Q

what happens to a base when put in an aqueous solution

A

becomes ionized when protonated (accepts protons)

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9
Q

are weak acids excreted faster in alkaline or acidic environment

A

alkaline

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10
Q

are weak bases excrete faster in acidic or alkaline environment

A

acidic

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11
Q

what does sodium bicarbonate increase the excretion of

A

weak acids

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12
Q

what does ammonium chloride increase in the excretion of

A

weak bases

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13
Q

what is the bioavailability for drugs applied IV route

A

100%

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14
Q

what is the bioavailability for drugs applied subcutaneously

A

75-100%

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15
Q

what is the bioavailability for drugs applied orally

A

5-100%

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16
Q

what is the bioavailability for drugs applied rectally

A

30-100%

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17
Q

what is the bioavailability for drugs applied through inhalation

A

5-100%

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18
Q

what is the bioavailability for drugs applied transdermally

A

80-100%

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19
Q

what must be true for bioequivalence

A

same active ingredients, identical strength/concentration, dosage form and route of administration must be the same

20
Q

what drugs may cross the BBB

A

low MW (200-300 Da) and lipid soluble drugs

21
Q

what is the most important plasma protein

22
Q

what drugs (in general) bind primarily to albumin

A

acidic drugs and some neutral compounds

23
Q

what drugs bind more primarily to alpha-acid glycoprotein (AAG)

A

more basic drugs (lidocaine, quinidine, propranolol)

24
Q

common places of drug loss (areas where drug is not used or has no effect)

A

fat, GI tract, others

25
Q

what is the equation for volume of distribution

A

dose/plasma drug concentration

26
Q

what are some factors that influence volume of distribution

A

plasma protein binding, lipid solubility, organ/tissue specific accumulation

27
Q

what type of reactions occur with phase 1 reactions

A

oxidation/reduction reactions

28
Q

what type of reactions occur with phase 2 reactions

A

conjugation/hydrolysis reactions

29
Q

what is the principle organ of drug metabolism

30
Q

what is the location of cytochrome P-450 enzymes

A

smooth ER of hepatocytes and intestinal epithelia

31
Q

what is the number one role of P450 system

A

metabolism and detoxification of substances

32
Q

what are some inducing agents for the 3A4 cyp-450 isozyme

A

carbamazepine and phenobarbitol

33
Q

what are some substrates that correlate with the inducing agents of 3A4 isozyme

A

alprazolam and erythromycin

34
Q

what are some inhibiting agents of the 3A4 isozyme of CYP-450

A

cimetidine and grapefruit juice

35
Q

what are some substrates that go along with the inhibiting agents of 3A4 isozyme

A

midazolam and atorvastatin

36
Q

what happens to bioavailability when an inhibiting substrate is used

A

increased bioavailability

37
Q

what is rate of elimination dependent on

A

rate of biotransformation and rate of excretion by one or more routes

38
Q

what happen to rate of elimination if drug concentration is high

A

rate of elimination is rapid

39
Q

what happens to rate of elimination if drug concentration is low

A

rate of elimination is slow

40
Q

what is the equation to determine half-life (1st order)

A

(0.7 X Vd) / CL

41
Q

what are some zero-order kinetic drugs

A

ETOH, aspirin and phenytoin

42
Q

where in the kidney does filtration of drugs occur

A

glomerulus

43
Q

where in the kidney does tubular secretion of drugs occur

A

proximal tubule

44
Q

where in the kidney does reabsorption of drugs occur

A

into renal capillaries

45
Q

what is the equation for Css

A

infusion rate / clearance

46
Q

when is 94% of the steady state of Css reached

A

4 half lives

47
Q

what is the equation for loading dose

A

(Vd X Ct) / F

LECOM pharm (3 decks)

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