PBL 7 Flashcards
what is myalgia
Pain in a muscle/ group of muscles
what is pyrexia
Fever
What is Rhinitis
= inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose caused by a viral infection or an allergic reaction. It leads to a stuffy nose, runny nose and sneezing
what virus family does influenza belong to
Orthomyxoviridae family
What are the type of influenza
Type A - birds, humans, mammals
Type B - humans only
Type C - humans only pigs and dogs
type D - cattle and pigs
what is the genome of Type A and B made out of
8 RNA segments
What is the genome of type C made out of
7 RNA segments
describe type A
- most common and causes most severe illness
- has glycoproteins haemagglutinin and neuraminidase glycoproteins in the protective envelope surface (this subdivided into types of influenza A)
- glycoproteins can vary in structure so are identified by a number
- H3N2 and H1N1 are the most common type A subtypes to infect humans and infect some animals
describe type B
- less common and doesn’t mutate as often
- limited number of H and N glycoproteins on its surface
- only infects humans
describe type C
- least common and least likely to mutate
- only has 1 species
- Presence of haemagglutinin-esterase fusion protein on surface used to enter and exit cells
- Causes mild disease in children
Can infect humans and pigs and dogs
what is genetic drift in type A
Virus can mutate its H and N glycoproteins during replication
Daughter viruses are different from each other and parent virus
Over time, accumulation of such changes => infection in an individual immune to previous strains
This is why people are infected year after year
what is antigenic drift in type A
Virus circulating in animal population suddenly mutates, enabling human infection
Occurs when animal host cell is infected by 2 similar flu viruses, e.g. one infecting animals and the other humans
Viral genome is in segments of RNA reassortment of segments new viruses contain a mixture of RNA segments
The viruses now produced have completely new H and/or N glycoproteins
why does genetic drift occur in type A
Genetic drift can occur because over time, the H and N glycoproteins of the virus become completely different to the virus that was protected against via the flu vaccine
what does antigenic shift lead to in type A
Antigenic shift leads to the production of viruses that can now infect humans with completely new glycoproteins. The population is obviously not protected against this new strain thus leading to the rapid spread through a population PANDEMICS
how is the flu transmitted
Airborne/ droplet infection – infected individual sneezes/ coughs
Touching a contaminated surface
Window for transmission:
1 day before symptom onset 5-7 days after symptom onset
The time from when a person is infected with flu to when symptoms begin is about 2 days
describe the pathophysiology of the virus
- Virus uses haemagglutinin to bind to sialic acid sugars on the surface of epithelial cells in URT
- Endocytosis of virus and release of –ve sense RNA
- RNA polymerase converts –ve sense RNA +ve sense mRNA
- mRNA transcribed into proteins and assembled into new viruses
- Viruses leave cell via exocytosis using neuraminidase which cleaves sialic acid sugars from membrane