PBL 42

Question 1

What are the the big 5 CAMs?

Answer 1

1. Acupuncture
2. Chiropractic
   3 Herbal medicine
3. Homeopathy
4. Osteopathy

Question 2

Which CAMs have evidence in favour of them?

Answer 2

• Acupuncture
• Osteopathy
• Chiropractic

Question 3

The knee joint is what type of joint?

Answer 3

• Hinge-type

- Synovial

Question 4

What are the different articulations of the knee joint?

Answer 4

• Tibiofemoral

- Patellofemoral

Question 5

Function of the patella?

Answer 5

Increase power of the knee extensor and serves as a stabilising structure that reduces frictional forces placed on femoral condyles

Question 6

Neurovascular supply to the knee joint?

Answer 6

Genicular branches of the femoral and popliteal arteries

Femoral, tibial and common fibular nerves

Question 7

The medial and lateral menisci are made of?

Answer 7

Fibrocartilage

Question 8

2 functions of menisci?

Answer 8

1. Deepen the articular surface of the tibia, increasing stability of the joint
2. Act as shock absorbers by increasing the surface area to further dissipate forces

Question 9

What are the shapes of the medial and lateral menisci?

Answer 9

• Medial = C

- Lateral = O

Question 10

Where do both of the menisci attach?

Answer 10

To both ends of the intercondylar area of the tibia

Question 11

Which of the two menisci are mobile and which is fixed?

Answer 11

Medial is fixed

Lateral is mobile

Question 12

What makes the medial meniscus fixed?

Answer 12

It is attached to the tibial/medial collateral ligament and the joint capsule

Question 13

Damage to the tibial collateral ligament usually results in a….

Answer 13

Medial meniscal tear

Question 14

What is a bursa?

Answer 14

A synovial fluid filled sac

Question 15

What is the function of bursae?

Answer 15

It is found between moving structures in a joint and it reduces the wear and tear on those structures

Question 16

What are the 4 bursae of the knee joint?

Answer 16

Suprapatella
Infrapatella
Prepatella
Semimembranosus

Question 17

What are the major ligaments of the knee joint?

Answer 17

Patellar ligament
Medial and lateral collateral ligaments
Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments

Question 18

What is the patellar ligament a continuation of?

Answer 18

The quadriceps femoris tendon distal to the patella

Question 19

Where does the patellar ligament attach?

Answer 19

The tibial tuberosity

Question 20

The collateral ligaments are …-… ligaments

Answer 20

Strap-like

Question 21

What is the function of the collateral ligaments?

Answer 21

Stabilise the hinge motion of the knee, preventing excessive medial or lateral movement

Question 22

Which of the medial and lateral collateral ligaments are thin and round, and which is wide and flat?

Answer 22

Thin and round = lateral

Wide and flat = medial

Question 23

Where does the medial collateral ligament attach proximally and distally?

Answer 23

Proximally = medial epicondyle of femur
Distally = medial condyle of the tibia

Question 24

Where does the lateral collateral ligament attach proximally and distally?

Answer 24

Proximally = lateral epicondyle of femur
Distally = lateral surface of fibular head

Question 25

The cruciate ligaments connect the … and the …

Answer 25

Femur and the tibia

Question 26

The anterior cruciate ligament attaches at the … region of the … where it blends in with the … … It then ascends posteriorly to attach to the … in the … …

Answer 26

Intercondylar region of the tibia where it blends in with the medial meniscus. It then ascends posteriorly to attach to the femur in the intercondylar fossa

Question 27

The anterior cruciate ligament prevents?

Answer 27

Anterior dislocation of the tibia onto the femur

Question 28

The posterior cruciate ligament attaches at the … … … of the … and ascends anteriorly to attach at the … … …

Answer 28

Attaches at the anterior intercondylar region of the tibia and ascends anteriorly to attach at the anteromedial femoral condyle

Question 29

The posterior cruciate ligament prevents … … of the … onto the …

Answer 29

Posterior dislocation of the tibia onto the femur

Question 30

What are the 4 movements of the knee joint?

Answer 30

Extension
Flexion
Lateral rotation
Medial rotation

Question 31

How can you tear your meniscus?

Answer 31

Suddenly twist knee while bearing weight on it
- Any activity that causes you to forcefully twist or rotate your knee, esp when putting full weight on it, can lead to a torn meniscus

Question 32

When does collateral ligament injury occur?

Answer 32

MOST COMMON PATHOLOGY AFFECTING KNEE JOINT

- When force is applied to the side of the knee when the foot is placed on the ground

Question 33

How do you know if a patient has a medial or lateral collateral ligament injury?

Answer 33

When asked to medially rotate and laterally rotate leg, pain on the medial rotation indicated medial ligament damage and pain on the lateral rotation indicates damage to the lateral ligament

Question 34

If the medial collateral ligament is damaged, which other structure is likely to be damaged also?

Answer 34

The medial meniscus, due to their attachment

Question 35

The anterior cruciate ligament can be torn by what?

Answer 35

Hyperextension of the knee, or by application of a large force to the back of the knee with the joint partly flexed

Question 36

What is the test for an ACL injury?

Answer 36

Anterior drawer test

Lachman’s test

Question 37

What is the most common mechanism of posterior cruciate ligament damage?

Answer 37

Dashboard injury

- When the knee is flexed, and a large force is applied to the shins, pushing the tibia posteriorly