Pavlov Flashcards
Associated learning
Learning that certain events occur together. May be a stimuli or a response and it’s consequences
Learning
Process of developing new and relatively enduring information or behaviors. Able to adapt.
Classical conditioning
Associate two stimuli and thus anticipate events, between stimuli, respondent behavior, events that we don’t control
Operant conditioning
Associate a response(our behavior) and it’s consequence
Cognitive learning
Acquire mental info that guides our behavior,
Ian Pavlov
Laid foundation for Watson, behaviorism,
NS
Neutral Stimulus, something that didn’t evoke a response,
UR
Unconditioned response, unlearned, naturally occurring response to the US
US
Unconditioned stimulus, naturally triggers a response
CR
Conditioned response, a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
CS
Conditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
Acquisition
Initial stage,
Higher-order conditioning
Cs is paired with a new NScreating a second, weaker, CS
Extinction
The diminished response that occurs when the CS no longer signals an impending US
Spontaneous recovery
The reappearance of a weakened CR after a pause
Generalization
The tendency for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
Discrimination
The learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus
Pavlov’s legacy
Many other responses to many other stimuli can be conditionally conditioned in many other organisms and learning should be studied objectively
Operant conditioning
Own actions with consequences, our behavior and resulting events,
Operant behavior
behavior that operates on the Environment to produce rewarding or punishing stimuli
Law of effect
Rewarded behavior is more likely to occur
Operant chamber
Skinner box, a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer,
Reinforcement
Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
Shaping
Reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
Positive reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by presenting a positive reinforcers, when presented after a response
Negative reinforcement
Strengthens a response by reducing or removing something negative, removes a punishing event, when removed,
Primary reinforcer
Satisfies a biological need, unlearned
Conditioned reinforcers
Secondary, learned association with primary reinforcer,
Reinforcement schedules
Pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced
Continuous reinforcement
Learning occurs rapidly, reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs,
Partial (intermittent) reinforcement
Reinforcing a response only part of the time,
Fixed-ratio schedule
Reinforce behavior after a set number of responses
Variable-ratio schedules
Reinforcers after a seeming unpredictable number of responses
Fixed-interval schedule
Reinforce the first response after a fixed time period
Variable-interval schedule
Reinforce the first response after varying time intervals
Punishment
Decrease the behavior it follows
Positive punishment
Administer an aversive stimulus, spray water on a barking dog, give a speeding ticket
Negative punishment
Withdraw a rewarding punishment, take away teens driving privileges,
Computer-assisted learning
Computers helped realize skinners goal of individuality paced with instruction to immediate feedback
Respondent behavior
Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus, responding automaticLly
Operant behaviors
Behavior that operates on the environment, produces consequences
Cognitive map
Mental representation of the layout of ones Environment
Latent learning
Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
Intrinsic motivation
A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake
Extrinsic motivation
A desire to preform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishments.
observational learning
w/o direct experience, learning by observing
modeling
observing and imitating a behavior
mirror neurons
frontal lobe neurons, scientists believe that they fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so, the brain’s mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation and empathy.
theory of mind
he ability to attribute mental states—beliefs, intents, desires, pretending, knowledge, etc.—to oneself and others and to understand that others have beliefs, desires, and intentions that are different from one’s own
prosocial
positive, constructive, helpful behavior
