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S1 > PATTERNS AND TRENDS YOUTH SUBCULTURES > Flashcards

PATTERNS AND TRENDS YOUTH SUBCULTURES Flashcards

1
Q

Campbell

A

The state is responsible for creating extreme forms of masculinity by denying legitimate access

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2
Q

Messerschmidt

A

‘doing masculinity’- denied legitimate access

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3
Q

Who spoke about ‘doing masculinity?’

A

Messerschmidt

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4
Q

Heidensohn

A

‘double deviance’

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5
Q

Why does Heidensohn think girls commit less crime?

A

Social control

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6
Q

Harding

A

Girls become fixers for gangs- violence to keep them in line

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7
Q

What did Bougeois study?

A

Latino drug dealers in NYC- ‘anguish of growing up poor’ led them to deviance

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8
Q

Who studied Latino drug dealers in NYC?

A

Bougeois

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9
Q

What did Nightingale study?

A

Black males in Philadelphia- racial and economic exclusion led them to achieving goal through illegitimacy

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10
Q

Who studied black males in Philadelphia?

A

Nightingale

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11
Q

Mirza

A

Studied black girls in education- ‘strategic rationalisation’

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12
Q

Sewell

A

Conformists, innovators, retreatists and rebels- rebels for the stereotype

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13
Q

Archer

A

Studied young Muslim boys- Islamophobia causes them to ‘turn inwards’

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14
Q

Cohen

A

‘status frustration’

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15
Q

Decker

A

push and pull factors

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16
Q

Who talks about push and pull factors?

A

Decker

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17
Q

White

A

Gangs give security

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18
Q

Young

A

‘sociology of vindictiveness’, ‘bulimic society’, ‘intensity of exclusion’

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19
Q

‘sociology of vindictiveness’

A

Young

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20
Q

‘bulimic society’

A

Young

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21
Q

Underclass feel ‘intensity of exclusion’

A

Young

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22
Q

What did Paul Willis find?

A

All boys school in Birmingham- found that their attitudes were similar in school and work

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23
Q

Mac and Ghaill three types of boy in school

A

Ordinary lads, academic achievers and macho lads

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24
Q

Brown

A

‘getting in, getting out and getting on’

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25
Q

Jacobson

A

1/2 children in custody came from a deprived background

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26
Q

Farrington

A

Socio-economic deprivation was a key indicator of future criminality

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27
Q

‘teeny bopper’

A

McRobbie and Garber- subculture centered around bedroom 1970s due to social control

28
Q

How does Thornton explain why girls have less subcultural capital?

A

They have less disposable income and invest more time into school

29
Q

Who spoke about mainstream culture becoming ‘feminised’?

A

Thornton

30
Q

‘raga girls’

A

McRobbie- sexual dancing to challenge male sexism

31
Q

Reddington- evidence of female influence on spectacular subcultures

A

Vivienne Westwood, punkettes

32
Q

Hebdige

A

Rastafarian culture- smoking marijuana as a form of resistance

33
Q

Johal

A

Suggests that some Brasians adopt a hyper ethnic style in resistance- ‘empowerment through indifference’

34
Q

‘code switching’

A

Where young Asians move between one culture and another

35
Q

McRobbie and Garber

A

‘teeny bopper’- form of resistant youth subculture

36
Q

Thornton

A

Mainstream culture becomes ‘feminised’

37
Q

McRobbie

A

‘active girls’

38
Q

Reddington

A

Argues that there have been very active members of female subcultures, eg Vivienne Westwood

39
Q

Hebdige

A

Studied Rastafarian culture, found that smoking marijuana was a form of resistance to white culture and racism

40
Q

Johal

A

‘hyper ethnic style’, - ‘empowerment through indifference’

41
Q

Vale and Juno

A

Body modifications are a reaction to a sense of powerlessness in an ever-changing world

42
Q

Jacobson

A

1/2 children in youth custody come from a deprived background

43
Q

Body modifications as a reaction to powerlessness

A

Vale and Juno

44
Q

Female influence in subcultures, eg Vivienne Westwood

A

Reddington

45
Q

Gangs give security

A

White

46
Q

Status frustration

A

Cohen

47
Q

Teeny bopper as a form of resistance

A

McRobbie and Garber

48
Q

Conformists, innovators, retreatists, rebels

A

Sewell

49
Q

State denies access to legitimate forms of masculinity in the form of employment

A

Campbell

50
Q

Mods as related to cultural hybridity

A

Influenced by West Indian style

51
Q

Skinheads as related to cultural hybridity

A

Caribbean music

52
Q

Example of cultural hybridity figures in the UK

A

Eminem

53
Q

Examples of cultural resistance

A

Rastafarianism, Brasians

54
Q

Mercer

A

Symbolic meaning of dreadlocks- form of resistance

55
Q

Cultural appropriation

A

Elvis Presley, popularity of Chinese tattoos

56
Q

Hutynk

A

Western cultures strip meanings of symbols and use them in a superficial way

57
Q

Who speaks about Western cultures stripping the meanings from symbols?

A

Hutnyk

58
Q

How is cultural exchange criticised?

A

British culture is imposed rather than exchanged through imperialism

59
Q

Subcultures with girls

A

New Romantics

60
Q

McRobbie (magazines)

A

Shift from romance to confident sexuality

Girls do not passively accept content

61
Q

Blackman

A

Studied New Wave Girls- resistance to gender stereotypes in school

62
Q

Who studied New Wave Girls?

A

Blackman

63
Q

Reay

A

See academic achievement as a competition that they cannot win

64
Q

‘hyper- heterosexuality’

A

Archer and Yamashita

65
Q

Strand and Winston

A

Asian and African boys laughed at when they were seen to work hard- developed anti-school mindset to protect

66
Q

1994-2004 women in prisons in England and Wales increased by

A

150%

S1 (13 decks)

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