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BIOL 215 > Patterns > Flashcards

Patterns Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between aggregative and clinal multicellularity?

A
  • aggregative: unrelated unicellular organism come together
  • clonal: are related (buds that fail to separate)
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2
Q

what are the potential advantages of multicellularity?

A
  • resistance to environmental stress (e.g. outer cells protect inner cells from UV)
  • in terrestrial: formation of stalk allowing elevation from the substrate and wind dispersal of the propagules
  • resistance to predators
  • cooperative feeding
  • division of labour
  • formation of a mileu interieur
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3
Q

what happens when multicellularity breaks down?

A

cancer formation (it is a feature of multicellularity)

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4
Q

what is adaptive radiation?

A

evolutionary divergence of members of a single phylogenetic lineage into a variety of different adaptive forms over a relatively short interval of geological time

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5
Q

what are the different adaptive radiations that occurred throughout time?

A
  • cambrian
  • silurian
  • devonian
  • carboniferous
  • jurassic
  • cretaceous
  • paleocene
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6
Q

what happened during the cambrian explosion?

A
  • gave rise to animals (all the phylas that exist today)
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7
Q

what happened during the silurian period?

A

gave rise to land plants

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8
Q

what happened during the devonian period?

A

radiation of fishes

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9
Q

what happened during the carboniferous period?

A
  • appearance of early reptiles
  • development of amphibians and insects
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10
Q

what happened during the jurassic period?

A
  • rise of giant dinosaurs
  • appearance of first birds
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11
Q

what happened during the cretaceous period?

A
  • first flowering plants
  • extinction of dinosaurs
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12
Q

what happened during the paleocene period?

A
  • radiation of primitive mammals
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13
Q

what happened during the ediacaran period?

A
  • first multicellular-type organisms appeared
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14
Q

what are the ediacaran biotia? what type of organisms were they?

A
  • they were soft-bodies organisms
  • charniodiscus
  • rangea
  • dickinsonia
  • ediacaria
  • edicaria flindersi
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15
Q

what anatomical features did the edicaran biota have?

A

they have no features (no eyes, mouths, anuses, intestinal tracts, or locomotory appendages)

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16
Q

were edicaran’s plants or animals?

A

animals

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17
Q

what are the different cambrian animals from the Burgess Shale of BC, Canada?

A
  • hallucigenia
  • wiwaxia
  • pikaia
  • opabinia
  • anamalocaris
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18
Q

Hallucigenia is the stem taxa of which phyla?

A

onychophora

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19
Q

anomalocaris is the stem taxa of which phyla?

A

arthropoda

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20
Q

opabinia is stem taxa of which phyla?

A

arthropoda

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21
Q

wiwaxia is stem taxa of which phyla?

A

annelida

22
Q

pikaia is stem taxa of which phyla?

A

chordata

23
Q

what is the gould’s hypothesis of the ediacara and burgess shale phylogeny?

A

they are seperate (ediacara is seperate branch that went extinct)

24
Q

what is conway morris’s hypothesis of the ediacara and burgess shale phylogeny?

A

ediacara are decendants of burgess shale (correct one)

25
Q

what are molecular clocks?

A

the correspondence between the rate of mutation/DNA differences and millions of years (use graph that is million of years vs number of nucleotide substitutions to make tree)

26
Q

what is an assumption of molecular clocks?

A

that mutation rates are all the same

27
Q

what are the hypotheses for the cambrian explosion?

A
  1. explosion: origin and radiation occur together
  2. slow fuse: origin first, then radiation later
  3. slow: origin and slow diversification
28
Q

what caused the Cambrian explosion?

A
  • geological condition (temperature, new niches)
  • rising oxygen levels
  • predator-prey relationships
  • developmental toolkit of genes (genes that are highly conserved)
29
Q

what is the engrail gene?

A

codes for segment polarity

30
Q

what is the Pax6/eyeless gene?

A

codes for eye development

31
Q

what has emerged as a central mechanism explaining developmental and evolutionary change?

A

gene regulation

32
Q

what are the three kingdoms of multicellular organism?

A

plants, fungi, animals

33
Q

animals are hypothesized to have evolved from what organism?

A

choanoflagellates

34
Q

how do animals obtain their energy?

A

eating (they are heterotrophs)

35
Q

what do animals cells secrete?

A

extracellular matric that consists of collagen, integrins, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans

36
Q

what are parazoa vs eumetazoa?

A
  • parazoa: no true tissue (sponges)
  • eumetazoa: have true tissue
37
Q

what is radiata vs bilateria?

A
  • radiata: radially symmetrical
  • bilateria: bilaterally symmetrical
38
Q

what is prorostomia vs deuterostomia?

A
  • prorostomia: envagination in early embryo becomes mouth
  • deuterostomia: envagination in early embryo becomes anus
39
Q

what is lophotrochozoa vs ecdysozoa?

A
  • lophotrochozoa: have lophophores, which is a set of ciliated tentacles surrounding the mouth
  • ecdysozoa: shed skin (worms, crustaceans, insects)
40
Q

what did plants evolve from?

A

green algae

41
Q

plants have ____ rich cell walls.

A

cellulose

42
Q

how do plants get their energy?

A

sun (photoautotrophic)

43
Q

how did green algae get new genes an evolve into multicellular photosynthetic organisms?

A

got new genes through horizontal gene transfer and gained organelles by endosymbiosis

44
Q

what are the similarities between green algae and land plants?

A
  • store carbohydrate reserve as starch
  • have rigid, cellulose-reinforced cell walls
  • use similar types of pigment in metabolic pathways, both chlorophyll a and b, and carotenoids alpha and beta
45
Q

what makes plant reproduction so special?

A

they go through alternation of generations (between haploid and diploid phase)

46
Q

what are the 4 major evolutionary inventions in plants (and what are the associated type of plant)?

A
  1. bryophytes and hepatophytes: non-vascular lineage (moss…)
  2. ferns and other seedless vascular plants: vascular lineage
  3. gymnosperms: seed lineage
  4. angiosperms: flower linage
47
Q

why did angiosperms evolve so rapidly?

A

their flower structures enabled insects or birds to pollinate them and disperse there seeds

48
Q

how do fungo obtain nutrients?

A

either from live host by parasitism or from the digestion of dead organic matter (absorb nutrient from their substrate – release digestive enzymes)

49
Q

what is said to be the ancestry of fungi?

A
  • share a choanoflagellate ancestor with animals, so more closely related to animals than plants, are sister group to animals
50
Q

what are the cell walls of fungi composed of?

A

chitin

BIOL 215 (6 decks)

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