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BIOL 215 > ecology 10 to 13 > Flashcards

ecology 10 to 13 Flashcards

1
Q

what is eco-evo?

A

the study of how ecology change and evolutionary changes are influenced by each other

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2
Q

do ecology and evolution happen on the same time scale? what is the modern vs historical view?

A
  • yes but it is very variable
  • modern view is a much more rapid timescale (e.g. 10 generations) but historical view suggested that it isn’t in the same time scale (evolution acts around 500 000 years)
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3
Q

explain how peppered moth show rapid evolution.

A
  • environmental changes due to pollution favored the survival of the dark form over the light form
  • causes increased frequency of dark moths
  • eventually the dark form constituted more than 90% in heavily polluted areas
  • trend reversed back as pollution decreased
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4
Q

what did the predator-prey cycle study of Brachionus calyciflorous and chlorella vulgaris show?

A

presence of genetic variation affected cycle period and phase

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5
Q

explain the eco-evo dynamics between daphnia and cyanobacteria?

A
  • daphnia graze on plankton
  • eutrophication has leas to higher abundance of toxic and nutritionally poor cyanobacteria
  • resistance to cyanobacteria toxins has increased through time (variation has increased in recent times, cocurrent with decreased eutrophication)
  • cyanobacteria increase in abundance during eutrophication because most grazers cannot consume them (return to previoud conditions has lead to decrease of abundance of species which became more tolerant)
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6
Q

what is evolutionary rescue? how does this occur?

A
  • adaptive evolutionary change restores a positive growth rate to a declining population, preventing extinction
  • in the process, a rare but adaptive allele will come to dominate in the population
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7
Q

explain the evolutionary rescue experiment on S. cerevisiae?

A
  • yeast exposed to 125 g/L of NaCl (150 g/L is lethal)
  • u-shaped recovery curve is seen
  • the population drops by 90% (very strong selection usually results in purging of a genetic variation)
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8
Q

what is the effect of genetic diversity on evolutionary rescue?

A

increased genetic diversity increased the probability of evolutionary rescue

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9
Q

what is pleiotropic selection?

A

when multiple forces act on a single trait

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10
Q

explain the rapid evolution of flatwing morph? what type of selection was acting on it? (Crickets)

A
  • male crickets are lethally parasitized by O. ochracea and they find their host by sound
  • pleiotropic selection acts on them
  • silent males have difficulty attracting a mate but they are unlikely to be affected by the parasitoid fly
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11
Q

A negative correlation between rate of evolution observed in a study vs interval over which the rate is calculated is seen. What are some biological explanations for this pattern?

A
  • when you have a purging of the genetic variant, see a rapid evolution at first, then slows down
  • selection can be on both directions
  • shows only minimum rate of evolution since doesn’t follow many generations
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12
Q

what is resistance?

A

the ability of a system to avoid displacement from its current state

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13
Q

what is resilience?

A

the speed and ability of a system to return to its former state after a disturbance

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14
Q

what ecological and evolutionary attributes affect the resistance and resilience of a population or community?

A
  • generalist predators tend to increase resistance and resilience of a community
  • a long-term stable community might be less resilient (e.g. elephant more vulnerable to changing environment then mouse)
  • increase genetic diversity helps with resilience but decreases resistance
  • lack of genetic diversity will often increase resistance but decrease resilience
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15
Q

what is the Anthropocene?

A

the age of human impact on he earth; the period of time during which human activities have impacted the environment enough to constitute a
distinct geological change.

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16
Q

rate of extinction has been increasing or decreasing in the last couple hundreds of years? what does this mean for biodiversity?

A

increasing, which decreases biodiversity

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17
Q

what are the main drivers of biodiversity loss?

A
  • land/ water use
  • direct exploitation
  • climate change
  • pollution
  • invasive alien species
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18
Q

what are the two forms of land use change? which is worse?

A
  • loss of area (smaller area)
  • fragmentation (less area but it is separated) – this is worse
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19
Q

___% of remaining forest is within 1 km of the forest’s edge, subject to the degrading effects of
_____________

A
  • 70
  • fragmentation
20
Q

what is reduced in fragmented landscapes?

A

Species persistence, species richness, nutrient retention, succession rate, trophic dynamics,
pollination

21
Q

does the level of fragmentation affect the loss of biodiversity? how or why not?

A

yes, if there is a higher level of fragmentation (more smaller squares), there will be less loss

22
Q

what does an invasive species surviving on a new location tell us? what effect does this usually have on surrounding or native species?

A
  • means that their previous niche was not their overall potential niche (can survive in larger niche than was thought previously)
  • usually outcompetes local species for resources
23
Q

Earth’s temperature average of __°C (with the greenhouse effect), instead of ___°C (without the greenhouse effect)

A
  • 15
  • -18
24
Q

what are ectotherms? what do we know about them?

A
  • animal that is dependent on external sources of body heat (cold-blooded)
  • have predictable responses to temperature
25
Q

what influences continental-scale distributions of species?

A

climate

26
Q

what is the difference between expected expansion in warmer and cooler climates?

A
  • warm: Expectation of population declines, or
    emigration; Persistence, adaptation, resilience
  • cool: Opportunity for increased population
    growth, immigration, range expansion, invasion, new species interactions, new connections
27
Q

what are the organismal sources of resilience? how can we help?

A
  • tolerance
  • changes in timing and behavior
  • range shifts
  • acclimation and evolution
    we can help by:
  • habitat restoration and protection
  • protect numbers (so evolution is faster)
  • design protection “corridors”
  • smart actions (e.g. water control for salmon,
    plant trees adapted to a future climate)
28
Q

what are community sources for resilience?

A
  • changes are felt less when diversity is higher
  • Some species can replace the roles of others
29
Q

what is phenology?

A

timing of events in biology

30
Q

what is the effect of species not changing at the same pace?

A

This means new species interactions gained, and lost

31
Q

what are sources of resilience of Eco-human coupled systems? how can we help?

A
  • human adaptation (move, change relationship)
  • new or different couplings (e.g. fish new species)
    we can help by:
  • predicting the changes,
  • reducing surprises,
  • slowing the change,
  • reducing meaningful loss
32
Q

what are the 3 aspects of an equilibrium community?

A
  1. if there is no disturbance, there will be no major change
  2. if there is a disturbance, the community will return to the equilibrium state
  3. the effect of history is erased because the species composition ends the same way and remains there.
33
Q

what is a disturbance?

A

a discreet event that disrupts community structure, resources, or physical environment

34
Q

what is resistance?

A

ability of a community to avoid displacement from its current state

35
Q

what is resilience?

A

ability and/or rate at which a community returns to its former state after a disturbance

36
Q

are negative feedback loops stable? explain.

A

yes, since where there starts to be more or less of one of the two species, then it equilibrates itself

37
Q

are positive feedback loops stable? explain.

A

no since where there is a change in one of the species, then it will just continue to grow or decline exponentially instead of equilibrating itself

38
Q

what is the cycle of dynamic adaptive systems?

A
  1. new resources and opportunities
  2. growth
  3. optimal system, loss of diversity, loss of connections
  4. crash
  5. recovers with new order
39
Q

what is biodiversity?

A

the variety and variability of life on earth

40
Q

what are the 3 levels of biodiversity?

A
  1. ecosystem diversity
  2. genetic diversity
  3. species diversity
41
Q

what is species richness?

A

the number of species in a community

42
Q

what is species heterogenicity?

A

a way to measure species diversity that accounts for # of species and relative abundance of each (the chance of encountering the same species twice)

43
Q

what is dissimilarity?

A

a measure of how many total species are not shared between communities

44
Q

why do some places have more species than others?

A
  • Temperature
  • Water
  • Sunlight
  • More individuals lead to more species
  • Species interactions
  • evolutionary speed
  • disturbance
45
Q

why might diversity be important?

A

for ecosystem function:
- productivity
- biomass
- decomposition
other services:
- disease persistence
- stability

46
Q

what are ecosystem services?

A

the benefits to humans provided by the natural environment and from healthy ecosystems

BIOL 215 (6 decks)

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