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Pharmacy Year 2 Semester 1 > Patient: Alpha Adrenoceptors COPY > Flashcards

Patient: Alpha Adrenoceptors COPY Flashcards

1
Q

Two branches of the autonomic nervous system and what kind of receptors lie there

A

Sympathetic- noradrenaline

Parasympathetic - acetylcholine

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2
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

Adrenaline (epinephrine)

which is under he sympathetic nervous system

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3
Q

Adenoreceptors modulate the “fight or flight” response. Name 9 examples of tissues where they can act

A
  • Blood vessels
  • heart
  • Lungs
  • GI tract
  • Salivary glands
  • bladder
  • genitalia
  • eyes
  • sweat glands
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4
Q

Name 3 adrenoreceptors

A

Alpha1, alpha2

beta1, beta2, beta3

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5
Q

Functional responses of alpha1 adrenoceptors

A
  • GPCR - Galphaq
  • Increases Ca2+ concentration via..activating phospholipase C–>IP3
  • vasoconstriction (increase BP)
  • Contraction of visceral smooth muscle e.g. bladder sphincter, uterus, iris radial muscle, seminal tract, pilomotor muscles
  • Relax GI tract
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6
Q

Define seminal tract

A

Secrete semen

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7
Q

Define pilomotor muscles

A

Contraction of the smooth muscle of the skin caused by mild application of a tactile stimulus or by local cooling and resulting in goose bumps

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8
Q

Functional response of alpha2 adrenoceptors

A
  • Decrease in noradrenaline and acetylcholine transmitter release
  • Decrease in insulin release
  • GPCR Galphai activates adenylyl cyclase
  • causes reduction in cAMP
  • Decrease in Protein kinase A
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9
Q

Functional response of beta1 adrenoceptors in the
Heart
Kidney
Adipocytes

A 
Binds GPCR Galphas
activates adenylyl cyclase
increase in cAMP
increase in protein kinase A hence:
Heart - Increase heart rate (SA node) and increase force of contraction 
Kidney - release of renin 
Adipocytes - activates lipolysis
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10
Q

Describe what renin is

A

Hormone that affects:

  • Na reabsorption
  • angiotensin 2
  • vasoconstrictor
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11
Q

Functional response of beta2 adrenoceptors

A 
GPCR 
Galpha2s
activates adenylyl cyclase 
increase in cAMP
increase PKA

Bronchodilation-vasodilation (sk muscle) very little change in BP

  • relax visceral smooth muscle
  • bladder
  • detrusor muscle
  • uterus
  • ciliary muscle
  • seminal tact
  • muscle tremor
  • glcogenolysis
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12
Q

Define detrusor muscle

A

Muscle that forms layer of wall in the bladder

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13
Q

Define ciliary muscle

A

muscle in the eye

forms part of the ciliary body

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14
Q

Name an alpha1 agonist

A

Phenylephrine

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15
Q

Name an alpha2 agonist

A

Clonidine

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16
Q

Name a beta1 agonist

A

Dobutamine

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17
Q

Name a beta2 agonist

A

Salbutamol

18
Q

Name an agonist that works on both alpha1 and alpha2 receptors

A

Methoxamine

19
Q

Name an agonist that works on both beta1 and beta2 receptors

A

Isoprenaline

20
Q

Name an agnoist compound that work on alpha1, alpha2 and beta1 adrenoreceptors

A

Noradrenaline

21
Q

Name an agnoist that works on alpha1, alpha2, beta1, beta2 receptors (all 4)

A

Adrenaline

22
Q

Name an alpha1 antagonist for adrenoreceptors

A

Prazosin

23
Q

Name an alpha2 antagonist for adrenoceptors

A

Yohimbine (not in clinical use)

24
Q

Name a beta1 antagonist for adrenoceptors

A

atenolol

25
Q

Name a beta2 antagonist for adrenoceptors

A

Butoxamine

26
Q

Name two antagonists that work on both alpha1 and alpha2 adrenoceptors

A

Phentolamine (competitive)

Phenoxybenzamine (non-competitive)

27
Q

Name an antagonist that works on both beta1 and beta2 adrenoceptors

A

Propanolol

28
Q

Structural difference between noradrenaline and adrenaline

A

Same but Adrenaline has a CH3 off the amine group

whereas noradrenaline just has a H atom off it

29
Q

How is adrenaline for cardiopulmonary resuscitation

A

As an adjunct to cardiopulmonary resuscitation
By causing arterial and venous vasoconstriction, adrenaline increases the blood pressure
Blood flow in coronary and cerebral arteries is promoted
In ventricular fibrillation, adrenaline may coarsen the ECG waveform, and render electrical cardio-version more likely to suceed

30
Q

Name 2 clinical uses of adrenaline

A
  • adjunct to cardiopulmonary resuscitation

- to control anaphylactic shock

31
Q

Name symptoms of anaphylactic shock

A
  • Profound hypotension
  • Largngeal Oedema
  • Bronchospasm
32
Q

2 main ways to control anaphylactic shock and how to address it therapeutically

A

1.Restore blood pressure
-Patient with feet raised (supine)
-Adrenaline IV (slowly) or IM every 10 minutes
alpha1 adrenoceptor activated, vasoconstriction occurs and causes an increase in blood pressure
2. Secure the airway/administer oxygen
-Beta2-adrenoceptor
-bronchodilation
-decrease histamine release

33
Q

Name 2 drugs you would use to control a case of anaphylactic shock

A

Chlorpheniramine (Slow IV injection)

Hydrocortisone IV

34
Q

How are agonists used to reduce intra-ocular pressure in chronic simple glaucoma?

A

Adrenaline eyedrops used

They reduce the production of aqueous humor and increase its drainage through the trabecular meshwork

35
Q

How are agonists used alongside local anaesthetics?

A

Local anaesthetics cause vasodilation and hence facilitate their own redistribution
Addition of adrenaline to local anaesthetic causes vasoconstriction (mediated by alpha-adrenoceptors) and prolongs the action of the local anaesthetic and reduces its systemic toxicity

36
Q

When do you avoid use of vasoconstrictors?

A

Near bases of body appendages and digits

37
Q

What is Phenylephrine used for?

A

alpha1-selective agonist at adrenoceptors
it is used to offset the hypotension attributable to sympathetic block induced by spinal or epidural anaesthesia
ALSO:
To produce brief periods of mydriasis (pupil dilation) using eyedrops

38
Q

Where is phenylephrine injected for:
1-Spinal anaesthesia
2-epidural anaesthesia

A

1-injected into subarachnoid space

2-epidural space

39
Q

What is a Phaeochromocytoma? How is it treated?

A

Tumour of the adrenal medulla that secretes adrenaline erratically, causing episodes of severe hypertension
treated with antagnoists of adrenoceptors: Phentolamine for treatment
and Phenoxybenzmine is used during surgery

40
Q

What does Prazosin do?

A
  • dilates arterioles and veins by blocking alpha1 adrenoceptors
  • used where other therapy has proven ineffective or unacceptable
  • used also in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperlplasia
41
Q

Unwanted effects of prazosin

A 
postural hypotension (fades)
retrograde ejaculation (relaxation of bladder neck)
42
Q

What is benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A

Swelling of prostate that districts uretha, resulting in patient being unable to release urine

Pharmacy Year 2 Semester 1 (32 decks)

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