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Pharmacy Year 2 Semester 1 > Medicine -Enzyme Inhibitors 1 > Flashcards

Medicine -Enzyme Inhibitors 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is kcat?

A

Overall rate constant for decomposition of enzyme-substrate complex into products

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2
Q

How to reversible enzyme inhibitors work?

A

Reversible inhibitors find reversibly to the active site via intermolecular interactions with the enzyme.
The inhibitor blocks access for the substrate to the enzyme active site. The inhibitor undergoes no reaction in the enzyme active site

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3
Q

Name some pharmaceutical drawbacks of irreversible inhibitors

A
  • their inherent chemical reactivity: they are designed to be alkylting or acylating agents, thus they can be wasted, destroyed or attacked by other cellular components with unpredictable consquences
  • their effective lifetimes are also limited by the rate of protein turnover for the target enzyme (i.e. New protein wil be biosynthesised and perhaps induced) in constant, reversibility bound drug can be released as its protein target gets turned over by proteolysis etc. It can then be re-used at new target sites of another protein molecules
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4
Q

Examples of irreversible inhibitors

A 
Nerve gases
Penicillins
Disulfuram
Cephalosporins
Protein Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)
Orlistat
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5
Q

What is glutathione?

A

Glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide which protects cells from toxins

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6
Q

Name two types of mechanism-based enzyme inhibitors

A

Transition state mimics

Suicide or kcat inactivators

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7
Q

Name 2 modes of enzyme inhibition (and result of it)

A

-decrease in catalytic activity of an enzyme
-decrease in the ability of an enzyme to bind its substrate
Or both of the above

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8
Q

What is the general concept of enzyme inhibition?

A

Interact in a prohibitive way with an enzyme (e.g. Block the enzyme active site)
Modify the ability of the enzyme to catalyse the reaction of its natural substrates
Prevent enzyme from working in its normal manner

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9
Q

How are enzyme inhibitors classified broadly?

A

In many ways:
-based on the modes of their interaction with the enzyme: i.e. Reversible: bind and dissociate with enzyme in an equilibrium process
Or irreversible: bind tightly and form an essentially permanent complex via covalent bonds
-by considering the emulation of the certain step of an enzymatic reaction

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10
Q

How and where do transition state analogues work?

A

Structurally resemble the substrate portion of the unstable transition state (ES*) of an enzymatic reaction

Act at highest energy of graph (mechanism-based inhibitor)

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11
Q

How do suicide inhibitors react? Where?

A

Bind to the enzyme as a substrate
Can be processes by a normal catalytic mechanism leading to the generation of a chemically reactive intermediate(s) that inactivate the enzyme through covalent modification

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12
Q

What is 5-fluorouracil Reltitrexed and what does it do?

A

Inhibits the enzyme thymidylate synthase

Thymidylate synthase catalyses the reaction of
dUMP→dTMP

dTMP is a DNA building block needed for DNA synthesis and cell division

Hence, 5-fluorouracil inhibits DNA synthesis and cell division

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13
Q

Structure of competitive inhibitor in relation to the substrate?

A

A competitive inhibitor is a compound which closely resembles the chemical structure and molecular geometry of a substrate

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14
Q

What does the effect of increasing substrate concentration do to irreversible inhibitors?

A

Increasing substrate concentration does not reverse the inhibition of irreversible enzyme inhibitors

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15
Q

What does an increase of substrate concentration do when you have a reversible inhibitor near an enzyme?

A

An increase in substrate concentration reverses the inhibition

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16
Q

How do affinity labels react? What are they?

A

Reactive substrate analogues, structurally similar to the substrate
Capable of binding to the active site
More specific than group-specific reagents

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17
Q

Name 5 types of electrophilic chemical groups used for covalent labels
State the two which are the least electrophilic

A

-Sulfonyl halide
-Alpha-haloketones (Cl, Br, I)
-diazoketone
Less electrophilic:
-epoxide
-azividine

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18
Q

Reversible competitive inhibitor action (good and bad)

A

-competes with a substrate for access to the enzyme active site
-this prevents the substrate molecules from reacting with the enzyme and results in a decrease of the observed reaction velocity
However,
-The competitive inhibitor leaves the actual end product unchanged
-A competitive inhibitor may interact with the enzyme at the active site, but have no reaction taking place.

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19
Q

How do product analogues work?

A

Enzyme with allosteric sites is controlled by the final product of the biosynthetic pathway
Final product binds to the allosteric site and switches off the enzyme
Product analogue can be used in the design of enzyme inhibitors

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20
Q

Name 3 amino acids that possess nucleophilic residues

Name the residues

A

Serine (-OH)
cysteine (-SH)
histidine (imidazole)

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21
Q

The amount of inhibition of a reversible competitive inhibitor depends on

A
  • the inhibitor concentration
  • the substrate concentration
  • relative affinities of the inhibitor and substrate for the active site
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22
Q

What does inhibition of a suitably selected target enzyme lead to?

A

-an increase in the concentration of substrate
-a decease in the concentration of the product (or metabolite)
One or both of the above leads to the required clinical response

23
Q

Describe the overall process of enzymatic catalysis

A
  • Enzymes (E) catalyse the reactions of the substrate(s) by initial formulation of a complex (ES) at the active site of the enzyme
  • ES breaks down, either directly or via an intermediate stage (e.g.transition state ES*)
  • This results in formation of the product (P) followed by regeneration o the enzyme to give E
24
Q

How do non-competitive reversible enzyme inhibitors act?

A
  • The non-competitive inhibitor reacts either distant from or adjacent to the active site, i.e. At the allosteric site
  • It changes the 3D structure of the enzyme, subsequent change of the shape of the enzyme active site
  • this reduces the ability of the enzyme to recognise and interact with substrate and thus decrease the catalysis of the enzymatic reaction
25
Q

Dihydrofolate reductase is what?

A

An enzyme crucial to maintaining the level of FH4, a methyl group shuttle required for the de novo synthesis of purine
DHFR is an important pharmaceutical target
Catalyses the following two reactions i.e. Catalyses the reduction of folic acid to FH4 in two steps:
Folic acid→FH2→FH4

26
Q

How do group specific reagents work? Give 2 examples

A

React with specific amino acid side chains, e.g. DIPF or iodoacetamide

27
Q

How does anti-purine 6-methylthioninosine work?

A

It is the end product of purine biosyntheis

It is an allosteric inhibitor of an earlier enzyme in the purine biosynthesis pathway

28
Q

Methotrexate is what?

A

An anti-cancer drug that inhibits DHFR

29
Q

Name and describe the drawbacks of suicide inhibitors

A
  • Inhibitor structure is specific but may still bind to other cell components
  • substrate recognition may be shared at a binding level, even if other protein doesn’t activate the chemical reaction
  • there is a problem if the target enzyme is synthesised in the cell as an inactive pre-cursor
  • in some cases suicide inhibitors can cause toxicity due to their high reactivity (e.g. Tienilic acid)
30
Q

What is bad about the high reactivity of irreversible inhibitors?

A

It means that they are likely to be destroyed (wasted) by hydrolysis or be de-toxified by nucleophiles such as GSH (glutathione) and glutathione S-transferases:

  • by direct reaction
  • or by enzyme catalysed reactions
31
Q

Show a biosynthetic pathway with feedback control

A

S⇄P1⇄P2⇄P3⇄P4

P4 then inhibits enzyme that catalyses S⇄P1

32
Q

How and where do product mimics work?

A

Emulate structure of the product, unbound or bound to enzyme

Lowest energy (ground state inhibitors)
EP⇄E+P
33
Q

Influence of concentrations of the substrate on non-competitive reversible inhibitors

A

Not influenced by concentrations of the substrate

34
Q

Name 3 types of irreversible (non-competitive) inhibitors

A

Suicide inhibitors
Affinity labels
Group-specific reagents

35
Q

Overall process of enzyme catalysis with letters

A

E + S ⇄ ES ⇄ES*⇄EP⇄(kcat)⇄E + P

36
Q

Where do irreversible inhibitors act?

A

May act at the active site or remote from it. Consequently, they may not be displaced by the addition of excess substrate because in any case, the basic structure of the enzyme is modified to such a degree that it ceases to work

37
Q

Possible mechanisms for reversible inhibitors?

A
  • blocking binding of the substrate to the enzyme

- obstructing catalytic reaction (or both)

38
Q

What is Orlistat?

A
  • Orlistat is an anti-obesity drug that inhibits pancreatic lipase.
  • The enzyme is blocked from digesting fasts in the intestine
  • Fewer fatty acids and glycerol are absorbed as a result
  • This leads to reduced biosynthesis of fat in the body
39
Q

How can mercapturic acids be formed by electrophilic functional groups?

A

Electrophilic functional groups (epoxides, alkyl halides, sulfonates, dilsulfides, radical species etc) can react with nucleophilic thiol group of glutathione to produce glutathione conjugates, which can then be transformed to mercapturic acids

40
Q

Describe how the shapes of irreversible and reversible enzyme inhibitors are different, if at all

A

Reversible: Inhibitor likely to be similar in structure to the substrate (e.g. Reversible substrate analogue or reversible product mimic)

Irreversible: likely to be similar in structure to the substrate but doesn’t have to be

41
Q

How do irreversible (non-competitive) inhibitors work?

A

Inhibitor binds irreversibly to the active site
Covalent bonds (with certain amino acids in the active site of the enzyme) formed between the inhibitor and the enzyme, forming a tight complex
Substrate is blocked from the active site
As a result, irreversible inhibitors may permanently suppress the catalytic activity of an enzyme
Also termed inactivators

42
Q

Give 2 examples of product analogues/natural products that alter biosynthetic pathways

A

Anti-purine, 6-methylthioinosine

6-mercaptopurine

43
Q

The most effective irreversible inhibitors have what properties?

A

Those that can react with an amino acid in the active site to form covalent bond(s)

44
Q

Name three types of ground state inhibitors

A

Product mimics

Substrate analogues
Affinity labels

45
Q

What is the difference between methotrexate and FH2?

A

Methotrexate (potent drug) is a structural mimic of FH2
The only two small changes are:

C=O vs NH2
H vs CH3

Methotrexate has stronger binding affinity for DHFR due to the additional hydrogen bond, which is not present when FH2 binds

46
Q

What does the inhibition of a reversible inhibitor depend on?

A
  • strength of inhibitor binding

- inhibitor concentration

47
Q

What is a non-competitive reversible enzyme inhibitor?

A

A chemical agent that interacts with the enzyme, but not at the active site

48
Q

Name types of reversible enzyme inhibitors

A

Competitive
Non-competitive:
-allosteric inhibitors
-feedback-based inhibitors

49
Q

How and where do substrate analogues work?

A

emulate the structure of unbound or bound substate at its ground state

Start of reaction (E+S)

50
Q

Examples of reversible inhibitors

A 
ACE inhibitors
Diuretics
Sulfonamides
Statins 
Protease inhibitors 
Kinase inhibitors 
Antidepressants
51
Q

How does 6-Mercaptopurine work? What is it?

A

Treats leukaemia
Prodrug which is converted to its corresponding nucleoside monophosphate by cellular enzymes
Allosterically inhibits the first enzyme in biosynthesis of purines
Blocks the biosynthesis of purines and DNA

52
Q

Categorise enzyme inhibitors into two main groups

A

Irreversible

Reversible

53
Q

What does methotrexate end up doing in the long run?

A

It inhibits production of FH4, and consequently, inhibits production of N5,N10-methylene-FH4 which is involved in the methylation of dUMP to form dTMP
Without FH4, the synthesis of dTMP (the DNA building block) is blocked, which results in the inhibition of DNA synthesis

Pharmacy Year 2 Semester 1 (32 decks)

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