Pathways to crime

Question 1

prevlalance of VAW

Answer 1

„ According to GSS, women continue to be more frequently
subjected to severe forms of violence from men than men are
from women
„ 7% of women reported experiencing some type of violence
in their intimate relationships, compared to 6% of men
„ Twice as likely to be beaten by their partners
„ 4 times more likely to be choked
„ 16% of women who were victimized also reported sexual
assault
„ Twice as many reported chronic, ongoing assaults (10 or
more)
„ *Important to note that it is not matter of prevlance, but severit

Question 2

why is womens victimization important?

Answer 2

It often leads to the criminalization of women…
„ Women are more likely than men to commit crimes, as a
result of their victimization
„ For example,
„ In 41% of spousal killings committed by women, the male
victim was the first to use or threaten to use physical
force or violence in the incident; in contrast, only 5% of
female victims initiated the violence (Johnson and Hotton,
2003).
„ Between 1991 and 2004, there was a history of domestic
violence in 70% of homicides against men by their female

Question 3

How does Michael Johnson explain VAW?

Answer 3

Common Couple Violence *
Mutual Violent Control:
„ Patriarchal Terrorism *
„ Violent Resistance/ Self-defense

Question 4

why is girls victimization important?

Answer 4

„ In Canada,
„ 16% of all Canadian women have experienced one incident
of sexual or physical assault by a date or boyfriend after
age of 16
„ 24% of women 18-24 years have been sexually and/or
physically assaulted by intimate
„ 35% of girls and 16% of boys (grades 7-12) have been
sexually and/or physically abused
„ 17-year olds most abuse %20

Question 5

University college VAW

Answer 5

™Physical Assault
™Prevalence
™35% of women
assaulted since
high-school
™17.8% of men l di
physically
abusive

™Sexual Assault
™Prevalence
™45% of women
have been
sexually assaulted since
high-school
™19.5% of men
sexually abusive

Question 6

how are young women affected by VAW?

Answer 6

From Victim to Offender: especially true for younger
women
„ Victimization strongly correlated to the development of delinquent
and antisocial behavior, especially for younger women.
™ Chesney-Lind and Rodriguez (1983)
„ “Victimization results in a process of criminalization unique to women”
™ Miller (1986)
„ Running away is a pathway to deviant street networks and criminal
activity for young women regardless of race/ethnicity and social class.
„ In Toronto, 73% of runaway females vs. 38% of runaway males
were sexually abused

Question 7

Explain pathway to crme

Answer 7

Victimization - Runaway - Need for survival - criminal activity

Question 8

what are two structural forces at play in the street?

Answer 8

When they ‘run away’,
„ 1) They are not adults
„ 2) They are females
„ Thus, doubly marginalized
„ G d d hi h & DOL Gendered hierarchy & DOL
„ Survive on the streets, but with less ‘legitimate options’
to do so
„ Shoplifting, larceny, cheque or credit card fraud,
prostitution, and drug possession => only ‘jobs’ that are available

Question 9

explain gifus term immersion

Answer 9

instead of career criminal

Question 10

what are racial differences in black/ab/white women’s pathways?

Answer 10

™ WHITE & HISPANIC
„ Family disorganization
„ Abuse of young women
by caretakers
„ Pushed-out / running away and drug use
„ Survival
„ Criminal and deviant

™ BLACK & ABORIGINAL
„ Domestic networks
comprised of kin, non-kin
and fictive-kin and deviant
street networks
„ Positive exposure &
recruitment to street 
„ Racism and sexism
„With or without abuse illegitimate means are
normal

Question 11

white women pathway

Answer 11

abuse - runaway - druges - illegitimate means

Question 12

AB/Black women pathway

Answer 12

deviance/legitimate means/ drugs/ illegitimate means

Question 13

explain ferraro and johnsons process of victimization

Answer 13

APPEAL TO SALVATION ETHIC: desire to be of
service to others.
„ DENIAL OF THE VICTIMIZER: blame on
external force - illness, drugs, alcohol.
„ DENIAL OF INJURY: refusal to accept it.
„ DENIAL OF VICTIMIZATION: self-blame.
„ DENIAL OF OPTIONS: practical and emotional.
„ APPEAL TO THE HIGHER LOYALTIES: tradition

Question 14

how do female roles affect abuse

Answer 14

™Many females adopt caregiver and
mother roles, both as coping methods
and survival methods
™These roles relate to parents,
b f i d ibli boyfriends, siblings, etc.
™Interestingly, once on the street,
women begin to double-role play;
both as caregivers and financial
providers.

Question 15

what does standoint theory say about victimization and crime

Answer 15

women Cope with abuse
„ Resist abuse
„ Survive abuse