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PATHWAYS REVION BIOLOGY Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the function of the nucleus

A

contains genetic information and controls the functions of the cell

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2
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane

A

controls what enters and leaves the cell

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3
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm

A

where many cell activities and chemical reactions take place

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4
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria

A

site of aerobic repiration

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5
Q

What is the function of the ribosome

A

site of protien synthesis

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6
Q

What is the function of a chloroplast

A

where photosynthesis occurs

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7
Q

What is the function of the vacuole

A

stores water and chemicals such as cell sap

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8
Q

What is the function of the cell wall

A

strengthens and supports the cell

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9
Q

what is a dna loop

A

a loop of dna not enclosed within a nucleus

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10
Q

What is plasmid DNA

A

small circle of dna, may contain genes associated with antibiotic resistance

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11
Q

which 3 organelles are found in plant cells but not in animal cells

A

chloroplast, vacuole,cell wall

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12
Q

which 2 organelles are exclusive to bacterial cells

A

dna loop, plasmid dna

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13
Q

how is a sperm cell adapted to its function

A

lots of mitochondria, has a flagellum

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14
Q

how is a nerve cell adapted to its function

A

long to transmit electrical signals over a distance

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15
Q

how is a muscle cell adapted to its function

A

protien fibres that can contract

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16
Q

how is a root hair cell adapted to its function

A

large surface area to volume ratio, thin cell wall

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17
Q

how is a xylem cell adapted to its function

A

waterproof cell wall, cells are hollow to allow water to move through

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18
Q

how is a phloem cell adapted to its function

A

some cells have:
lots of mitochondria for active transport, very little cytoplasm so that sugars can move through easily

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19
Q

what is the formula that links magnification image size and actual size

A

I
—- (I am)
AxM

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20
Q

what is the resolution of a microscope

A

the ability of a microscope to distinguish detail

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21
Q

what is magnification

A

the degree by which an object is enlarged

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22
Q

name the different —–metres in oder of size from largest to smallest

A

centimeter, millimeter, micrometer, nanometre
(centi-milli-micro-nanno)

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23
Q

describe how to make an onion slide

A
  1. Cut open an onion.
  2. Use forceps to peel a thin layer of epidermis from
    the inside.
  3. Lay the layer of epidermis on a microscope slide.
  4. Add a drop of iodine solution to the layer.
  5. Carefully place a coverslip over the layer.
  6. Observe it under a microscope to see onion cells.
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24
Q

define diffusion

A

the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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25
Q

define osmosis

A

the net movement of water particles across a semi permeable membrane down the concentration gradient from an area of high concentration to low concentration. From a dilute solution to a concentrated solution.

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26
Q

define active transport

A

the movement of substances against the concentration, from an area of low concentration to high concentration. `it requires energy from respiration.

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27
Q

name 3 factors that affect diffusion

A

temperature, surface area of membrane they have to move across, the differences in the concentration gradients it moves from/to

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28
Q

what does an artery do

A

transports blood away from the heart

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29
Q

what is an adaptation of an artery

A

thick wall to withstand pressure

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30
Q

what does vein do

A

takes blood back to the heart

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31
Q

what is an adaptation of veins

A

has valves to prevent back flow of blood

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32
Q

what does a capillary do

A

exchange of substances between blood and cells

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33
Q

what is an adaptation of a capillary

A

one cell thick for quick diffusion of substances

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34
Q

define transpiration

A

the loss of water vapour from the leaves by evaporation from cells then out through the stomata

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35
Q

what is the transpiration stream

A

the movement of water from the roots up the stem to the leaves

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36
Q

define translocation

A

the movement of dissolved sugars around the plant

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37
Q

a name 4 factors that effect transpiration rates

A

temperature-increases the rate as the water evaporates quicker

humidity-decreases as the water evaporates slowly

wind speed- increasing wind speed increases the rate as water evaporates quicker

light- increasing light increases the rate as the stomata open more

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38
Q

what is the purpose of guard cells

A

they open the stomata in plants to allow gas exchange or close to prevent water loss

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39
Q

what is an adaptation of the epidermis in plants?

A

it is transparent to allow sunlight through to the cells below for photosynthesis

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40
Q

what do palisade mesophyll cells do

A

where most photosynthesis takes place. They have many chloroplasts to do so

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41
Q

What does the spongy mesophyll cells do

A

some photosyntheses, has air spaces for diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

42
Q

what are the stomata

A

openings in the bottoms of leaves that allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to diffuse in and out of the plant

43
Q

define cells

A

the basic building blocks that make up all living things

44
Q

define tissue

A

a group of similar cells that work together to carry out a function

45
Q

define organ

A

a group of different tissues that work together to perform a function

46
Q

defin organ system

A

a group of organs that work together to perform a certain function

47
Q

define multicellular organism

A

an organism made up of different organ systems

48
Q

what is cell differenciation

A

the process in which cells become specialised to carry out s specific job

49
Q

what is the role of the mouth in digestion

A

where digestion begins, enzymes released from the salivary glands break down starch into soluble sugars

50
Q

what is the role of thestomach in digestion

A

one of the main organs where food is digested. It contains hydroclauric acid, which along with enzymes helps to break down food.

51
Q

what is the role of the small intestine in digestion

A

starch and protien are further broken down by enzymes and lipids begin to be broken down.

52
Q

how is the small intestine adapted for the absorption of nutrients

A

its has many microvilli and villi which are finger like projections which have thin cell walls for diffusion, mitochondria for active transport and give the intestine a very high surface area also for diffusion

53
Q

what is the role of the liver in digestion

A

makes bile which released into the small intestine to aid in the digestion of lipids. It is also alkali and neutralises the acid from the stomach

54
Q

what is the role of the large intestine in digestion

A

where water is absorbed from undigested food. forms faces.

55
Q

what is an enzyme

A

a biological catalyst which speeds ip the rate of reactions without being used up.

56
Q

define substrate in the context of enzymes

A

the chemical that fits into the active site of an enzyme

57
Q

define denatured

A

when the active site of an enzyme deforms and the substrate can no longer fit in. Can be caused by temprature or PH

58
Q

what does amylase break down

A

starch

59
Q

where is amylase made

A

the salivary glands, the pancreas, the small intestine

60
Q

what does lipase break down

A

fats

61
Q

where is lipase made

A

the small intestine, the pancreas

62
Q

what does protease break down

A

protiens

63
Q

where is protease made

A

stomach, pancreas, small intestine

64
Q

what is stored in the gallbladder

A

bile

65
Q

what is the food test for starch

A

add iodine , if starch is present it will go from orange/brown to lue/black

66
Q

what is the food test for protein

A

blue buret turns purple for proteins.

67
Q

what is the food test for glucose

A

add blue Benedict’s solution. Place in a hot water bath. If sugars are present it will go:
green for a little
yellow, orange
brick red for a lot

68
Q

what is the food test for lipids

A

add ethanol and decant into water. If positive it will go cloudy white

69
Q

what is the word equation for photosynthesis

A

carbon dioxide + water ——> glucose + oxygen

70
Q

what is the symbol equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO2+6H2O→C6H12O6+6O2

71
Q

why doesn’t photosynthesis happen in the dark

A

there is no light energy from the sun to power the reaction

72
Q

how does carbon dioxide enter the plant for photosynthesis?

A

through the stomata

73
Q

how is some of the oxygen produced by the plant used

A

in respiration

74
Q

how does excess oxygen escape the plant

A

through the stomata

75
Q

what are some uses of glucose in plants?

A

produces cellulose ( makes the cell wall in cells)

makes amino acids to make protiens

converted into lipids for energy in seeds

converted into starch, an energy store in cells

76
Q

why are leaves greeen

A

they contain chlorophyll, a green pigment which helps absorb sunlight

77
Q

why are leaves wide

A

to help absorb the maximum amount of sunlight

78
Q

what temperature do the enzymes needed for photosynthesis denature?

A

45 degrees C

78
Q

what are veins in plants

A

they consist of xylem and phloem and transport water and sugars around the plant

79
Q

what is a sign of magnesium deficiency in plants?

A

lower leaves turning yellow, starting at the bottom of the plant

80
Q

what is a sign of nitrogen deficiency in plants

A

weak stems and poor growth

81
Q

what is a use of magnesium in plants

A

used to make chlorophyll

82
Q

what is a use of nitrogen in plants

A

used to make proteins which helps to make leaves

83
Q

how do you investigate the rate of photosynthesis as a practical?

A

investigate the rate of photosynthesis under different light intensities. Submerge a piece of pondweed in water, place a lamp at varying distances and count the number of bubbles produced over a set period.

84
Q

how are greenhouses useful for growing plants?

A

made of glass to trap heat

84
Q

what is an independent variable

A

what you change

84
Q

what is a control variable

A

what you keep the same

85
Q

what is a dependant variable

A

what you measure

86
Q

who can farmers provide lots of light to their plants when the sun isnt out

A

use of artificial light is prominent to give plants more time for photosynthesis

87
Q

how are paraffin heaters useful for growing plants

A

they burn Fuels which releases heat, and also produces carbo dioxide which helps maximise photosynthesis

88
Q

what is respiration

A

a chemical reaction that releases energy

89
Q

is respiration endothermic or exothermic?

A

exothermic because it releases energy

90
Q

what is the word equation for AEROBIC respiration

A

glucose+oxygen—–>carbon dioxide+water

91
Q

why does the body go into using anaerobic respiration?

A

is there Is little/ no oxygen available for aerobic respiration

92
Q

what is the word equation for ANAEROBIC respiration

A

glucose—->lactic acid

93
Q

what is anaerobic respiration referred to in yeast and bacteria

A

fermentation

94
Q

what is the word equation for fermentation

A

glucose—>carbon dioxide+ethanol+energy

95
Q

what are some uses of fermentation

A

carbon dioxide and ethanol useful in brewing alcohol

carbon dioxide causes bread to rise

96
Q

what is oxygen debt?

A

when lactic acid builds up in the body due to anaerobic respiration, oxygen is needed to break it down

97
Q

define metabolism

A

the sum of all the chemical reactions that go on inside an organism’s body or cell

science (3 decks)

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