Pathos, Ethos, logos Flashcards
Appeals
- Pathos
- Logos
- Ethos
Fallacies
- Bandwagon
- Either or thinking
- Slanted language
- Begging the question
- False analogy
- Ad hominem Argument
- Hasty generalization
Logos
An appeal to logos caters to the audience’s sense of logic and reason. Essentially, the speaker tries to make the audience perceive his claim as common sense.
Logos usually comes in the form of specific examples, facts or empirical data. However, the speaker may also use cause and effect scenarios or hypothetical situations.
Pathos
An appeal to pathos excites emotions in the audience to connect their feelings to the claim or consequences.
Speakers usually use word choices and images to create feelings of fear, pride, sympathy, sadness, excitement, patriotism, etc.
Ethos
An appeal to ethos both establishes the speaker’s credibility and aligns the speaker with the audience’s ethics or values.
Bandwagon
The author convinces you to make a decision because it is popular. They adhere to the belief that if everyone is doing it, you should also do it.
Either or thinking
Either or Thinking: This fallacy narrows a solution into only two possible sides. Usually the sides are complete opposites: one that appears good while the other appears bad. There is no grey area in this thinking.
Example: You either support the war or are against the troops.
Slanted language
(loaded words): The speaker uses biased words that carry strong emotions that can distract the audience from the truth.
Begging the question
Something presented as true that in fact needs to be proven.
False analogy
An illogical, trivial, or misleading comparison
Ad hominem argument
Name calling- attacking the opposition personally
Hasty generalization
A conclusion that is based on insufficient evidence
