Pathophysiology of cardiovascular system Flashcards
atherosclerosis : what is it, complications
build up of plaques in inner layer of arteries -> narrowing of blood vessels (thrombosis or embolism)
Heart attack, PAD, CAD, arrhythmias, heart failure, heart valve disease, stroke
the big 5 atherosclerosis related diseases
1) acute coronary syndrome
2) lung embolism
3) pneumothorax
4) aortic dissection
5) oesophagus rupture
coronary artery disease : main problem, two types, treatment (4 options)
heart undersupplied with O2 -> ischemia of heart muscle cells -> myocardial infarction, arrhytmia
stable and unstable angina (unstable -> infarctionand cardiay death)
1) enzymatic digestion of thrombus
2) physical disruption of plaque
3) stent
4) coronary artery bypass
stroke : hemisymptoms ?, mini stroke ?
stroke = clot in the brain
one side is affected : blurred vision, loss of sensation, weakness, dizziness, hard to talk.
transient ischemic attack (clot in the brain) : most signs disappear within 24 hours
peripheral artery disease : intermittent claudication, what decreases ?, types of aneurysm
stop while walking to wait until there is enough blood flow in the legs.
blood circulation decreases -> mitochondrial dysfunction
1) true :
- saccular : pocket on one side
- fusiform : whole artery bulges
2) dissecting : tear in the artery wall that separates the 3 layers -> blood goes in there
3) false aneurysm : tear in the complete vessel wall, blood accumulates outside
valvular diseases : 3 types of damage, usually what side, mitral and aortic stenosis
- inflammation / scarring
- calcification
- congenital malformations
Usually mitral and aortic side (left)
Mitral stenosis -> congestion into lungs
Aortic stenosis -> left ventricle hypertrophy (has to pump more)
2 endocardial diseases
1) rheumatic heart disease : streptococci
2) infective endocarditis : bacteria on valves
myocarditis : what happens, common cause, major complication
Inflammation -> necrosis of cardiac muscle.
Associated to viral infections.
Left ventricular dysfunction
3 types of cardiomyopathy (big heart) : what happens, complications
1) dilated : chambers enlarge -> loose ability to contract
2) hypertrophic : muscle thick and stiff (chambers smaller), scarring -> arrhythmias, heart failure, valve problems, cardiac arrest
3) takotsubo : heart attack like symptoms
2 pericardial diseases : cause and consequence
1) effusion : more fluid in pericardial sac -> compression of heart, cardiac tamponade -> remove fluid
2) pericarditis (inflammation of sac)
- acute : viral cause, pain
- chronic : sac destroyed or becomes non elastic
how does heart form in foetus ? what is ductus arteriosus ?
4 chambers are not separated at first, the septums develop, tracts are divided and valves form.
Ductus : bypass between pulmonar vein and aorta, sometimes doesn’t go away naturally
what is the most common congenital herat defect ? what happens ?
ventricular septal defect.
Blood goes from LV to RV -> increase in pulmonary flow -> pulmonary hypertensiona and RV hypertrophy
two pathophysiological backgrounds for congenital diseases, (a)cyanotic disorders (examples)
1) shunting of blood : abnormal pathways -> ventricular septal or atrial septal defect
2) obstruction to blood flow (narrowing)
Acyanotic : left to right -> atrial and ventricular septal defects, ductus arteriosus
Cyanotic : right to left (turn blue because too little oxygen) -> tetralogy of fallot
heart failure : what does it mean, main cause
inability to pump enough blood (not enough oxygen in body) -> ejection fraction becomes 20% or less
Coronary artery disease in 60-70% of cases
4 types of heart failure and symptoms
1) left sided : fluid in lungs
2) right sided : fluid into legs, abdomen, legs -> edema
3) systolic : can’t pump
4) diastolic : can’t relax -> can’t fill
