Lecture 1

Question 1

What is physiology ?

Answer 1

Look at the physical, chemical, biological processes in the human body (and influence of the external environment)

Question 2

What is pathophysiology?

Answer 2

Deflection of normal physiological function

Question 3

Cite the organisation levels

Answer 3

Molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, systems, organism, biosphere

Question 4

5 important biomolecules

Answer 4

Water, carbohydrates, proteins (amino acids), lipids (fats), nucleic acid

Question 5

What are some major functions of water ?

Answer 5

• ubiquitous solvent
• surface tension
• chemical reactions
• hydration and osmotic pressure
• storage of heat

Question 6

What is the structure of an amino acid ?

Answer 6

Central C atom with following attached :
- hydrogen
- Amino group (NH2)
- carboxyl group (COOH)
- variable group R

Question 7

What is very important for protein function ? How can it be affected ?

Answer 7

Spatial structure !!
Denaturation can happen because of pH changes or heat

Question 8

What are 2 consequences of protein misfolding ?

Answer 8

Gain of toxic activity or loss of biological function

Question 9

Some examples of PTM

Answer 9

Phosphorylation, nitration, acetylation, …

Question 10

What does the interaction between proteins and water lead to ?

Answer 10

colloid osmotic pressure in the blood

Question 11

3 forms of carbohydrates

Answer 11

mono and di saccharides.
Glycogen (storage in liver and muscle)

Question 12

2 chemical properties of fats

Answer 12

Hydrophobic and lipophilic

Question 13

chemical structure of fats

Answer 13

glycerol + 3 fatty acids = triglyceride

Question 14

2 functions of cholesterol

Answer 14

• component of plasma membrane (fluidity)
• scaffold for steroid hormones, vitamin D, bile salts

Question 15

2 functions of nucleotides

Answer 15

• transmit and store energy
• store genetic info