Pathophysiology Introduction Flashcards
Define pathophysiology
The study of functional or physiologic changes in the body that result from disease processes
Define Pathology
The laboratory study of cell and tissue changes associated with disease
Define disease
A deviation from the normal structure or function of any part, organ, system (or combination) from a state of wellness. WHO includes physical, mental and social well-being in it’s definition of health. When homeostasis cannot be maintained without intervention.
Homeostasis
The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment regardless of external changes
Factors that can account for variations in “normal” limits for health indicators
Age, gender, genetics, environment, activity level
Diagnosis
Refers to the identification of a specific disease through evaluation of signs and symptoms, lab test or other tools.
Etiology
The causative factors in a particular disease - congenital defects, inherited or genetic disorders, microorganisms like viruses or bacteria, immunologic dysfunction, environmental factors, nutritional deficiencies
Define idiopathic
When the cause of a disease is unknown
Define iatrogenic
When a treatment, procedure or an error may cause a disease - ex bladder infection from catheterization
Predisposing factors
The tendencies that promote development of a disease in an individual. Indicates high risk but not certain development - ex. age, gender, inherited factors, occupational exposure.
Pathogenesis
The development of the disease or the sequence of events involved in the tissue changes related to the specific disease process.
Subclinical state
Exists in some conditions in which pathologic changes occur, but no obvious manifestations are exhibited by the patient - ex. kidney damage may progress to an advanced stage before symptoms manifest.
Incubation or latent stage
Time between exposure to the microorganism and the onset of signs or symptoms
Prodromal period
The time in the early development of a disease when one is aware of a change in the body but the signs are nonspecific - ex fatigue, loss of appetite
Manifestations of a disease
Clinical evidence or effects - the signs and symptoms
Lesion
A specific local change in tissue
Syndrome
A collection of signs and symptoms, often affecting more than one organ, usually occur together in response to a certain condition
Precipitating factor
A condition that triggers an acute episode, such as a seizure. An angina attack can be precipitated by shovelling snow on a cold day.
Sequelae
The potential unwanted outcomes of the primary condition, such as paralysis following recovery from stroke
Convalescence or rehabilitation
The period of recovery and return to the normal healthy state
Prognosis
The probability or likelihood for recovery or other outcomes. Average outcomes
Morbidity
Indicates disease rates in a group
Mortality
The relative number of deaths resulting from a particular disease
Epidemiology
The science of tracking the pattern or occurrence of disease. Includes data on transmission and distribution of diseases.