Pathophysiology Intro Flashcards
define etiology
the underlying causes of a disease
define pathogenesis
the mechanisms that result in the presenting signs and symptoms of a disease
what is the difference between a sign and a symptom?
signs = objective evidence of a disease (blood in stool, a skin rash, cough, chest pain)
symptoms = a feature that suggests a disease and is percieved by the patient (stomach-ache, lower-back pain, fatigue)
what is morphology?
the study of form and structure
define subclinical
not severe enough to present definite or readily obserbable symptoms
define sequela(e)
a condition that is the consequence of a previous disesae or injury
what is difference between an illness and a disease?
illness = sickness or deviation from a healthy state (think flu) has a more broad and generic meaning than disease. Tends to be acute or short term
disease = biological or psychological alteration that results in organ/system dysfunction. Tends to be chronic (think TB)
what are the different models of disease?
- Germ-model
- Biomedical model
- Biopsychosocial model
what is the germ-model of disease?
disease caused by a microorganism
What is the biomedical-model of disease?
driven by a cause-effect relationship
focuses on biological factors as causative agents of disease
what is the biopsychosocial disease model?
ICF model
belief that biological, psychological, and social factors all play a significant role in human functioning in the context of disease
cellular response to injury/insult depends on what?
- type of insult
- severity (quantity) of insult
- duration of insult
cellular consequences of an injury/insult depend on what?
- type of insult
- status of cell at time of insult
- adaptability of cells
- genetic makeup of cell
List some various mechanisms of cell injury
- reduced O2 availability
- ichemia/hypoxia/hypoxemia
- abberant immune reactions (RA)
- infectious agents (lyme disease)
- genetic abnormalities (cystic fibrosis)
- nutritional imbalance (ricketts, scurvy)
- physcial factors/injury
- free radical damage
what is the difference between ischemia and hypoxia
ischemia = reduced blood flow to the area
hypoxia = reduced O2 in blood
List some causes of hypoxia
- obstruction in moving air to lung
- inadequate movement of O2 from lung to blood
- inadeqaute transport of O2 (anemia, blockage)
- inabilitity to utilize O2 at tissue level to fuel cell processes
define sepsis
the presence of microorganisms or their toxins in the blood
define septic shock
endothelial cell damage, reduced blood volume, maldistribution of blood flow resulting in cardiovascular collapse
List some chemicals and processes that generate free radicals
- superoxides
- H2O2
- OH-
- NO
- lipid peroxidation
- DNA fragmentation
- Cross-linking of proteins
List some changes a cell may exhibit in response to chronic insults
- atrophy
- hypertrophy → increase in cell size
- hyperplasia → increase in cell number
- hormonal hyperplasia = driven by hormones
- compensatory hyperplasia = driven by tissue loss or damage
- metaplasia → one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type
- dysplasia → abnormal tissue growth or development
T/F: the process of cell apoptosis is not regulated
FALSE
it is very complicated and carefully regulated
list some subcellular mechanisms for degrading dead cells
- lysosomal activation → process of autophagy which will break down cell and result in “pus” formation
- absorption of products
- necrosis → cell death within living tissues, unregulated digestion of cell components
