Pathophysiology Flashcards by Billie-Jo Stephen

causes of abnormal menstrual bleeding

PALM COEIN
polyp
Adenomyosis
Leiomyoma
Malignancy
Coagulopathy
Ovulatory
Edometrial
Iatrogenic
Not yet classified

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surge of what hormones occurs at ovulation

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what cells release HCG

syncytiotrophoblasts

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in pregnancy, at what weeks does HCG peak

week 8-10

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definition of low and high birth weights

low < 2500g
high > 4000g

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causes of increased b-HCG

choriocarcinoma
hydatiform mole
down syndrome
twins

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causes of decreased b-HCG

edwards syndrome
patau syndrome
ectopic

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what hormonal marker is specific to menopause

large increase in FSH (no negative feedback due to decreased oestrogen)

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nests of urothelial-like eithelium with coffee-bean nuclei

ovarian brunner tumour (bladder-like = Brunner)

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ovarian tumour with psomamma bodies

serous carcinoma

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sheets of uniform ‘fried egg’ cells. increased bHCG and increased LDH

dsydgerminoma

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yelow, friable mass with schiller-duval bodies. increased AFP.

yolk sac tumour

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what type of ovarian tumour is found in meg’s syndrome

fibroma

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call-exner bodies (granulosa cells arranged haphazardly around collections of eosinophilic fluid resembling primordial follicles)

granulose cell tumour
(give granny a call)

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confluent endometrial glands without intervening stroma

endometrial carcinoma

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what might a right sided varicocele represent

right sided IVC obstruction due to i.e. renal cell carcinoma

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virus associated with SCC of penis

HPV-16

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WHAT IS PREHN SIGN and what is it associated with

pain relief with elevation of the scrotum
associated with epididymitis
(testicular torsion is pregnancy negative)

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where does prostatic adenocarcinoma arise from

peripheral zone of prostate (posterior lobe)

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prostate cancer spreads to bone via what venous plexus

Watson venous plexus

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causes of jaundice appearing in the first 24 hours of life

haemolytic disease of the newborn
infection
G6PD deficiency

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causes of jaundice appearing between 24-72 hours of life

sepsis
physiological
polycythaemia

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causes of jaundice appearing after 72 hours of life

congenital hypothyroidism
breastfeeding
extra-hepatic biliary atresia
sepsis

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disadvantage of breast feeding

vitamin k deficiency

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role of lactoferrin in breast milk

promotes rapid absorption of iron in the gut thereby reducing amount of iron available to bacteria

treatment for urge incontinence

bladder retraining anti-muscarinics i.e. oxybutynin (immediate release) or tolerodine mirabegron (beta 3 agonist) may be used if concerns with antimuscarinic side effects in frail elderly patients

why might mirabegron be chosen instead of oxybutynin in urge incontinence

if there are concerns regarding anticholinergic side effects in eldery frail patients

treatment for stress incontinence

pelvic floor muscle training duloxetine

where is this tissue found? 'Tubular glands in a highly vascular stroma lacking duct'

uterus

where is this tissue found? 'myoepithelial ducts surrounded by alveoli'

BREAST

where is this tissue found? 'Secretory cells arranged in cords and interspersed with adipose'

parathyroid

where is this tissue found? 'Colloid-filled cells surrounded by blood vessels'

thyroid

where is this tissue found? 'Pyramidal cells containing large secretory organelles'

exocrine pancreas

breast disease; 'large cells with clear halo, cells with vacuoled cytoplasm'

pagets disease of the breast

breast disease; 'fibrotic stroma around normal glandular tissue'

fibroadenoma

breast disease; 'branching fibrovascular core extending from a dilated duct'

intraductal papiloma

breast disease; 'sheets of pleomorphic cells infiltrating adjacent stroma'

invasive ductal carcinoma

what infection can bartholin cysts be associated with?

neissieria gonnorhea

PAGTS DISEASE OF TE BREAST CAN BE ASSOCIATED WITH WHAT UDERLYING TYPE OF BREAST CANCER

ductal carcinoma

ovarian tumour associated with hyperthyroidism

struma ovarii (at risk of thyroid malignancy)

ovarian tumour associated with uterine bleeding in post menopausal women

thecoma

ovarian tumour associated with ascites

fibroma

ovarian tumour associated with primary GI malignancy

krukenberg tumour

how can patient repeatedly get infected with gonorrhoea

N.gonorrhea has antigenetically pili that mediate their attachment to mucosal surfaces which vary continually also explains why vaccine cannot be created

a helical shape with flagellae

syphillis

replicative infectious forms

chalmydia

karyotype of a complete and partial hydatiform mole

complete 46XX or 46xy occurs when 1 sperm fertilises a genetically empty egg partial 69XX or 69XY occurs when 2 sperm fetilise a genetically empty egg

most common type of uterine cancer

leiomyosarcoma

painful genital ulcer - organism type

Chancroid caused by H.ducreyi gram negative coccobacillus

herpes 1/2 virus type

double stranded linear DNA

chlamydia bacteria type

obligate intracellular bacterium

infertility, recurrent respiratory tract infections, cystic fibrosis genetic testing negative

primary ciliary dyskinesia

pathophysiology of primary ciliary dyskinesia

dyenin arm defect tubular arrangement of linked heavy chains that slide against one another

diagnostic modality for primary ciliary dyskinesia

nasal nitric oxide - low

describe the role of corpus luteum and bHCG during initial fertilisation

corpus luteum produces progestogen which is required to maintain endometrium bHCG is produced by syncitiotrophoblasts by surrounding embryo which maintains corpus luteum after 8-10 weeks the placenta estradiol and progesterone and takes over from hcg

breast lump - glandular cells infiltrating with a stellate appearance

invasive ductal carcinoma

kallman syndrom features

low GnRH, low LH/FSH and low testosterone anosmia

kleinfelters syndrome features

phenotypically male, tall stature, small firm testes elevated LH, low testosterone XXY

5- alpha reductase deficiency features

46 XX female external genitalia male internal genitalia normal electrolytes

how does kleinfelters syndrome cause infertility

fibrosis of seminiferous tubules resulting in low testosterone from leydig cells

pathophysiology of breast ductal carcinoma

atypical glandular cells that form irregular tubules within a dense conective tissue metaloprotinases allow degredation of the basement membrane thus allowing progression from carcinoma in situ to invasive

painless penile ulcer that can progress to ulcer

lymphogranuloma venereum (due to chalmydia serotype L1-L3)

a foetus with bilateral hydronephrosis can be caused by what

posterior urethral valves resulting in urethral obstruction