Pathophysiology Flashcards
Sodium Normal Levels
135 - 145 mEq/L
Potassium Normal Levels
3.5 - 5.0 mEq/L
Calcium Normal Levels
8.5 - 10.2 mg/dL
Phosphate Normal Levels
2.8 - 4.5 mg/dL
Magnesium Normal Levels
1.8 - 2.6 mEq/L
pH Normal Values
7.35 - 7.45
PaCO2 Normal Values
(Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide)
35 - 45 mmHg
HCO3 Normal Values
(Bicarbonate)
22 - 26 mEq/L
PaO2 Normal Values
(Partial Pressure of Oxygen)
≥ 80 mmHg
SaO2 Normal Values
(Arterial Oxygen Saturation)
> 95%
If the pH and PCO2 line up it is?
Respiratory
If the pH and the HCO3 line up it is?
Metabolic
If the pH lines up with the Normal Column but the other two don’t then
use the more than or less than 7.4 pH method, if the pH is 7.37 then shift it to the acidic column, if the pH is 7.43 then shift it to the Alkalosis column. Afterwards determine if it is metabolic or respiratory based on which one the pH lines up with, PaCO2 or HCO3.
If everything lines up in one column, it is?
either a mixed acidosis, mixed alkalosis, or normal
Acid | Normal | Base (Alkaline)
If nothing lines up it is?
Fully Compensated
Acid | Normal | Base (Alkaline)
If the pH and one system line up AND the other system is in the opposite column AND the pH falls outside the normal range, then it is?
Partially Compensated
Acid | Normal | Base (Alkaline)
If the pH and one system line up, but the other is normal it is?
Uncompensated
Acid | Normal | Base (Alkaline)
Hypertrophy
Increase in the size of cells
Results in increased size of the organ
Hyperplasia
Increase in the number of cells
Results in increase in size of the organ
Atrophy
Reduced size of an organ due to a decrease in cell size and number
Metaplasia
Reversible change in which one differentiated cell type (epithelial or mesenchymal) is replaced by another cell type
Necrosis
Accidental Cell Death
Apoptosis
Programmed Cell “Suicide”
Hypoxia
low levels of oxygen
Ischemia
condition in which blood flow (and thus oxygen) is restricted or reduced in a part of the body
Isotonic Cells
Neither shrink nor swell
Hypotonic Cells
Swell
Hypertonic Cells
Shrink
Edema
Accumulation of fluid in extracellular space
Hemophilia
A hereditary bleeding disorder characterized by a deficiency of one or more clotting factors
Bleeding Precautions (Randi)
R-Razor Electric/Blades.
A-Aspirin. NO!
N-Needles- small gauge.
D-Decrease needle sticks.
I-Injury (Protect from)
How to access for possible stroke?
F.A.S.T
[F]ace weakness: Can the person smile? Has their mouth or eye drooped?
[A]rm weakness: Can the person raise both arms?
[S]peech problems: Can the person speak clearly and understand what you say?
[T]ime to call 911: if you see any of these signs.
Signs of a stroke
-Sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm or leg, especially on one side of the body
-Sudden confusion, trouble speaking or understanding
-Sudden vision changes; blindness or trouble seeing out of one or both eyes
-Sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance, or coordination
-Sudden severe headache, with no known cause
