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54 MSK > Pathophysiology > Flashcards

Pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the musculoskeletal system made up of?

A

Bones
Muscles
Cartilage, tendons, ligaments, joints and other connective tissues

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2
Q

The skeletal portion of the MSK system serves as main storage system for ____ and _______.

A

Calcium
Phosphorus

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3
Q

Why is the storage system important in the body?

A

Help regulate mineral balance in the bloodstream

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4
Q

Other than storage function, what does the skeleton do?

A

Contains critical components of the hematopoietic (blood production) system.

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5
Q

What is located in long bones?

A

Bone marrow

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6
Q

What is the distinctions of bone marrow?

A

Yellow and red

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7
Q

Where is the yellow marrow found, and what does it contain?

A

Found in marrow cavity
Contains fatty connective tissue

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8
Q

Function of yellow marrow

A

In times of starvation, body uses fat in yellow marrow for energy

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9
Q

Function of red marrow

A

Important site for hematopoeisis or blood cell production that replaces cells that have been destroyed by the liver. Here, all erythrocytes, platelets, and most leukocytes form in bone marrow from where they migrate into circulation.

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10
Q

Muscles keep ____ in place.

A

Bones

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11
Q

What causes muscles to contract?

A

Muscles are innervated - the nerves conduct electrical currents from CNS

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12
Q

Tendon connects ____ to ______.

A

Muscle to bone

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13
Q

What is a tendon?

A

Tough, flexible band made of fibrous connective tissue

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14
Q

What are joints?

A

Bone articulations allowing movement

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15
Q

What is a ligament?

A

Dense, white band of fibrous elastic tissue

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16
Q

Ligaments connect ______ to form ________.

A

Ligaments connect the ends of bones together to form a joint.

17
Q

Function of ligaments

A

Limit joint dislocation and restrict improper hyperextension and hyeprflexion.

18
Q

What are bursae made up of?

A

Fibrous tissue

19
Q

Function of bursae

A

Provide cushions between bones and tendons

20
Q

How many bones were we born with?

A

300 soft bones

21
Q

How many bones do an adult have?

A

206

22
Q

Major functions of bones (four)

A
  1. Provide structural support for the body
  2. Provide protection of vital organs
  3. Provide an environment for marrow (where blood cells are produced)
  4. Act as a storage area for minerals (such as calcium)
23
Q

Osteoblasts are derived from?

A

Mesenchymal stem cells

24
Q

Function of osteoblasts

A

Responsible for bone matrix synthesis and its subsequent mineralisation

25
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Osteoblasts that become incorporated within the newly formed osteoid, which eventually becomes calcified bone.

26
Q

Osteocytes situated _______ maintain contact with __________ in ________, and with ________ and ________ on the bone surfaces

A

Deep in bone matrix
Newly incorporated osteocytes in osteoid
Osteoblasts and bone lining cells

27
Q

What is a canaliculi?

A

Small canals running through the bone solid matrix, hosting osteocyte’s dendrites, and saturated by an interstitial fluid rich in ions

28
Q

Function of canaliculi

A

Ideally situated to respond to changes in physical forces upon bone and to transduce messages to cells on the bone surface, directing them to initiate formation or resorption responses

29
Q

Osteoclasts are derived from?

A

Hematopoietic lineage

30
Q

What is osteoclasts?

A

Large multinucleate cells, like macrophages

31
Q

Function of osteoclasts

A

Resorption of mineralized tissue

32
Q

Where are osteoclasts found?

A

Attached to the bone surface at sites of active bone resorption

33
Q

How do glucocorticoids affect osteoblasts?

A

Induces decrease in osteoblast differentiation and increase apoptosis of osteoblasts

34
Q

How do glucocorticoids affect osteocytes?

A

Induce increase in osteocytes

54 MSK (6 decks)

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