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VetRad Boards prep > Pathophysiology > Flashcards

Pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

What induces the primary peristaltic wave?

A

Caudal pharyngeal muscle contraction

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2
Q

What cranial nerve is associated with muscles of mastication?

A

CN V - the trigeminal

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3
Q

What cranial nerves are involved in swallowing?

A

V, VII, IX, X, XII

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4
Q

How does the esophagus differ between dogs and cats/horses?

A

Dogs- skeletal muscle diffusely Cats/horses - the caudal 1/3 is smooth muscle (myenteric plexus); the cranial 2/3 is striated muscle (PNS/vagus nerve)

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5
Q

Normal gastric peristalsis rate?

A

3 waves/min

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6
Q

Gastric emptying of LIQUIDS

A

non-caloric = monoexponential caloric = slower linear rate depending on volume expansion

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7
Q

What are the three phases of solid food emptying? Give a short description of each.

A
  1. Initial lag phase - little to no food empties; food ground to 1-2 mm particles 2. Prolonged steady state phase - constant emptying rate determined by caloric density 3. Dogs - Digestive migrating motility complex - late slow phase that occurs when the stomach is nearly empty 3. Cats - Digestive migrative spike complex
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8
Q

What is the difference between the canine digestive motility complex and the feline digestive migrating spike complex?

A

DMSC - higher propagation speed, shorter contraction duration and greater force of contraction when compared to DMMC in dogs

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9
Q

What are the 3 phases of the digestive migrating motility complex?

A

Phase 1: quiescent Phase 2: activity Phase 3: intense contractions - sweeping peristaltic waves every 4-5 min; during fasting state occurs every 110 min or so

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10
Q

What are the functions of cholecystokinin? (4)

A
  • gall bladder contraction - stimulates pancreatic exocrine secretion - Relaxation of sphincter of Oddi - Delays gastric emptying (counteracts gastrin)
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11
Q

What is the function of secretin? (2)

A
  • secretion of bicarbonate from the pancreatic ductal cells in response to acid in the SI - slightly delays gastric emptying
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12
Q

What are the functions of gastrin?

A
  • stimulates gastric acid secretion by parietal cells - pancreatic enzyme secretion - gastric motor function and the pyloric pump
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13
Q

What are the normal GI transit times (according to O’Brien and Miyabayashi)?

A
  • Gastric transit: 15-25 minutes to duodenum - Complete gastric empty: 76 min - SI transit: 90-120 minutes to reach the ICJ - SI emptying: 3-5 hours (completely in colon)
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14
Q

Where do epulides arise from?

A

the periodontal ligament

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15
Q

Where do odontogenic tumors arise from?

A

Dental lamina

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16
Q

In order, what are the common oral malignancies in cats and dogs?

A

Dogs: melanoma, SCC, FSA Cats: SCC, FSA

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17
Q

What causes gastric mucosal mineralization in uremia?

A

metastatic calcification, local acidosis, ischemia, hyperparathyroidism

18
Q

What would indicate delayed gastric emptying?

A
  • retained liquid barium in stomach >4 hours - some liquid barium present in stomach >12 hours - large amount of barium meal retained >8-10h
19
Q

In the presence of a GDV, what is the specificity of gastric pneumatosis for gastric necrosis.

A

high specificity at 93% (pneumoperitoneum 90%)

20
Q

Where is intestinal adenocarcinoma most commonly found?

A

dogs - duodenum cats - jejunum and ileum

21
Q

What bloodwork changes can you see with PLE?

A

hypoalbuminemia, hypoglobulinemia, hypocholesterolemia and lymphopenia

22
Q

what paraneoplastic syndromes can be induced by leiomyomas/leiomyosarcomas?

A

hypoglycemia and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

23
Q

In the instance of colonic torsion, what vessels may be involved/occluded?

A

caudal mesenteric, left colic and occasionally the cranial mesenteric artery (would lead to global mesenteric ischemia)

24
Q

What are the common feline colonic neoplasms (in order)?

A

adenocarcinoma, LSA, MCT

25
Q

How do canine and feline pancreatic ducts differ?

A
  • Cats have one major pancreatic duct that empties with the common bile duct at the major duodenal papilla - Few cats (20%) have a second accessory pancreatic duct that drains via the minor duodenal papilla - Dogs have two pancreatic ducts
26
Q

What are the functions of alpha, beta and delta pancreatic cells?

A
  • alpha: glucagon - beta: insulin - delta: somatostatin
27
Q

What breed is predisposed to pancreatic adenocarcinoma?

A

Airedale Terriers

28
Q

Ultrasound detection of insulinomas?

A

56% will show a nodule; 20% show mets

29
Q

In EHBO, how long does it take for the gall bladder, cystic duct, CBD and IHBDs to dilate?

A
  • GB and cystic duct = 1 day - CBD = 1-2 days - IHBDS = 5-7 days, indicates chronicity
30
Q

A gall bladder volume of ___ mL suggests obstruction.

A

10mL, however distension of the GB only occurs in about 50% of cases

31
Q

What is the determinate of EHBO in dogs?

A

Dilation of the intra- and extrahepatic biliary ducts. GB dilation is not specific or necessarily indicative of obstruction.

32
Q

A GB wall thickness of greater than __ mm is suggestive of cholecystitis

A

> 1 mm

33
Q

What is the core vs penumbra?

A

The core is where severe ischemia is present and resulting neuronal death occurs. Penumbra - there is less severe ischemia surrounding the core; neurons are still viable but in danger of neuronal death

34
Q

Ischemia effects on neuronal elements - in descending order (most affected to least)

A

neurons>oligodendrocytes>astrocytes>mesidermal microglia>fibrovascular elements

35
Q

What is the most common territorial infarction site?

A

cerebellum (rostral cerebellar artery)

36
Q

Which hemoglobin stages are diamagnetic (have paired electrons)?

A

Oxyhemoglobin and hemochromes (ferritin, hemosiderin)

37
Q

What are the paramagnetic stages of hemoglobin (unpaired electrons)?

A

Deoxyhemoglobin (4 unpaired e), methemoglobin (5 unpaired e)

38
Q

Which paramagnetic hemoglobin has T1 shortening and why?

A

Methemoglobin - has 5 unpaired electrons; configuration allows hydrogen to be near the heme, creating T1 shortening

39
Q

What are the HU of acute and subacute intracerebral hemorrhage/hematoma?

A

Acute = 55-95 HU Subacute = 40-60 HU

40
Q

How do you calculate jection fraction?

A

SV/EDV

41
Q

How do you calculate % fractional shortening?

A

(LVIDd- LVIDs)/ LVIDd

42
Q
A

VetRad Boards prep (11 decks)

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