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Pathophys quiz 2 > Pathophys quiz 2 Pulmonary > Flashcards

Pathophys quiz 2 Pulmonary Flashcards

1
Q

Ventilation

A

exchange of air between the atmosphere and alveoli (difference in pressure if created by respiratory muscles)

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2
Q

Flow=

A

Change in pressure / resistance

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3
Q

Flow is greatest if the difference in gas pressure is _____ and resistance is ______

A

high, low

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4
Q

Boyles law

A

At constant temperature, the pressure of a gas varies inversely with its volume
P1V1=P2V2

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5
Q

If pressure in the lungs goes down, volume goes______ and if pressure in the lungs goes up, volume goes ______

A

up , down

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6
Q

Inspiration

A

Palv < Patm

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7
Q

Expiration

A

Palv > Patm

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8
Q

for every ___ units of O2 you intake, you expel ____ units of CO2

A

10, 8

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9
Q

Palv when exhaling

A

positive (creates pressure to force air out)

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10
Q

Palv when inhaling is

A

negative

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11
Q

Palv at the end of both inhaling and exhaling is

A

0, no air movement

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12
Q

Alveolar ventilation

A

total volume of fresh air entering the alveoli per minute

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13
Q

Tidal Volume

A

Total amount of air that we inhale and exhale

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14
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

the extra air we can breath in past normal breathing

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15
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

the extra air we can breath out past normal breathing

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16
Q

residual volume

A

the air we can not breath out (why the Heimlich maneuver works)

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17
Q

at what % of saturated hemoglobin do you have to breath?

A

65%

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18
Q

How do low temps affect how Hb holds onto O2?

A
  • Metabolism slows so O2 demand is less

- Hb holds onto O2 tighter

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19
Q

How do high temps affect how Hb holds onto O2? (fever)

A

Hb drops off O2 faster

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20
Q

How do high pH affect how Hb holds onto O2?

A

Hb holds onto O2 tighter

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21
Q

How does low pH affect how Hb holds onto O2?

A

Hb lets go of O2 easier

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22
Q

How does high 2, 3 DPG (produced by glycolysis) affect how Hb holds onto O2?

A

Hb lets go of O2 easier

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23
Q

How do low 2, 3 DPG (produced by glycolysis) affect how Hb holds onto O2?

A

Holds onto O2 tighter

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24
Q

Hypoxemia

A

lack of oxygen in the blood

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25
Q

Hypoxemic hypoxia

A

reduced arterial O2 (can be caused by lack of oxygenated air, pulmonary problems, lack of ventilation-perfusion coupling)

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26
Q

Hypoxia

A

inadequate oxygen delivery to tissues

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27
Q

4 causes of hypoxia

A
  • Anemic
  • ischemic
  • histotoxic
  • hypoxemic
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28
Q

Anemic Hypoxia

A

poor O2 delivery because of too few RBC’s or abnormal hemoglobin

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29
Q

Ischemic Hypoxia

A

Blood circulation is impaired

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30
Q

Histotoxia hypoxia

A

the body’s mitochondria are unable to use O2 (cyanide causes this)

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31
Q

Hypoxemic hypoxia

A

reduced arterial O2 (can be caused by lack of oxygenated air, pulmonary problems, lack of ventilation-perfusion coupling)

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32
Q

you can have _____ without ______ but if you have ______ you WILL have______

A

hypoxia without hypoxemia

hypoxemia you will have hypoxia

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33
Q

in what zone does gas exchange happen?

A

respiratory zone

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34
Q

what makes up the respiratory zone?

A

alveoli

35
Q

what makes up the conducting zone?

A

everything besides alveoli

36
Q

Conducting zone:

A

low-resistance airflow, defense against foreign material / infection, warm the air

37
Q

what 2 things make up the trachea?

A

cilia and goblet cell

38
Q

Goblet cell produce what?

A

mucous

39
Q

what does smoking kill?

A

cilia (when they grow back ex smokers develop a cough

40
Q

alveolar cells are responsible for what?

A

gas exchange

41
Q

Type I alveolar cells are also called what?

A

pneumocytes

42
Q

what do type II alveolar cells produce?

A

surfactant

43
Q

why is the bronchus covered in smooth muscle?

A

to direct air flow

44
Q

3 types of relexes

A

Foreign body reaction
Voluntary control of breathing
J receptors

45
Q

Foreign body reaction

A

coughing and sneezing

46
Q

Voluntary control of breathing

A

holding your breath or rapid breathing

47
Q

J receptors

A
  • in lung tissue, innervated by the vague nerve
  • stimulated by fluid buildup in lungs interstitial space (embolism, pulmonary edema, exercising extremely hard)
  • results in: dyspnea, rapid breathing, dry cough
48
Q

Pleural sacs

A
  • there are 2 of them, so if one is damaged the other one can still function
  • Thoraic wall - parietal pleura - intrapleural fluid - visceral pleura - lung
49
Q

intrapleural fluid

A

lubrication fluid between pleura layers

50
Q

Intrapleural space has relative _____ pressure to help keep lungs from collapsing in

A

negative

-chest wall is always pulling out, lungs are elastic and always pulling in = these forces create a negative pressure

51
Q

Pleurisy

A

painful irritation / friction of the inter pleural space

52
Q

what is pleurisy caused by:

A

inflammation (infection, chemical exposure) and build up of an irritant (bleeding infection)

53
Q

Tx of pleurisy

A

drain fluid or decrease the inflammation, then treat source

54
Q

Ventilation

A

getting oxygen into the alveoli: breathing

55
Q

Ventilation problems

A

respiratory muscle paralysis; high altitude; foreign body obstruction; laryngospasm; alveolar collapse (atelectasis); asthma; airway damage (smoking)

56
Q

Exchange

A

getting O2 into the blood and CO2 out of the blood

57
Q

Exchange problems:

A

Pulmonary edema; pulmonary fibrosis; carbon monoxide poisoning; anemia; pulmonary embolus (oxygen comes in but theres no blood arriving to pick it up); asthma
-everything rolls downhill

58
Q

Is O2/CO2 ratio even or not?

A

not even, CO2 is lower

59
Q

PO2 pressure in the air

A

160 mmHg

60
Q

PCO2 pressure in the air

A

0.3 mmHg

61
Q

PO2 pressure in alveoli

A

105 mmHg

62
Q

PCO2 pressure in alveoli

A

40 mmHg

63
Q

PO2 in pulmonary veins, left heart, systemic veins

A

100 mmHg

64
Q

PCO2 in pulmonary veins, left heart, systemic veins

A

40 mmHg

65
Q

PO2 in systemic veins, right heart, pulmonary arteries

A

40 mmHg

66
Q

PCO2 in systemic veins, right heart, pulmonary arteries

A

46 mmHg

67
Q

Transport

A

get oxygen to the tissue

68
Q

transport problem:

A

left heart failure and many other pump failures (taxis are loaded but not moved out; arterial thrombosis; arterial bleeding; sickle cell disease

69
Q

Exchange

A

get O2 from blood into tissue cells and CO2 from tissue cells into blood

70
Q

exchange problems

A

peripheral edema; abnormal oxygen dissociation (acidosis or alkalosis)

71
Q

Utilization

A

oxygen consumption in the tissues

72
Q

problems with utilization

A

venous bleeding; sickle cell disease; shock; venous thrombosis

73
Q

Transport of CO2

A

CO2 must dissolve in liquid to diffuse through plasma membranes, it also diffuses across 2 cell membranes to get to the plasma

  • some CO2 travels within the plasma
  • Some CO2 travels enters the RBC and travels bound to hemoglobin
  • Some CO2 travels within RBC but free from hemoglobin
74
Q

Bicarbonate equilibrium

A

CO2+H2O <=> H2CO3 <=> H+ + HCO3-

75
Q

how much CO2 travels via bicarbonate equilibrium

A

30%

76
Q

why is bicarbonate so important

A

its a buffer

enzymes work best at pH 7.44

77
Q

CO2 is controlled by what

A

the lungs

78
Q

bicarbonate is controlled by what

A

kidneys

79
Q

what 2 things buffer the blood stream

A
  • deoxyhemoglobin

- bicarbonate buffer system

80
Q

what controls respiration

A

PONS and the medulla

81
Q

what are the 2 chemo-receptors

A

peripheral and central

82
Q

peripheral chemo-receptors

A
  • sensitive to levels of O2, H+ and high CO2

- you respond to high levels of CO2 first

83
Q

central chemo-receptors

A
  • only sensitive to pH

- these are the receptors that are shut down by alcohol and drugs by suppressing the medullas respiratory pacemaker

Pathophys quiz 2 (4 decks)

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