Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cardio Final > Pathophys of Heart Failure - HF 1 > Flashcards

Pathophys of Heart Failure - HF 1 Flashcards

1
Q

heart failure most commonly characterized by

A
  • fluid retention

- elevations in ventricular filling pressures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

some causes of heart failure

A
  • hypertension
  • MI
  • cardiomyopathy
  • arrhythmia
  • congenital heart disease
  • valvular disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

the true problem from heart failure results from

A
  • maladaptive neurohormonal responses to decreased cardiac performance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

pathophys causes of heart failure

A
  • impaired contractility
  • increased afterload
  • increased volume
  • impaired ventricular filling
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

impaired contractility caused by

A
  • ischemic and dilated cardiomyopathy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

increased afterload caused by

A
  • longstanding hypertension

- aortic stenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

increased volume caused by

A
  • aortic/mitral insufficiency
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

impaired ventricular filling caused by

A
  • hypertrophy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the most common cause of heart failure

A
  • MI
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

ischemic cardiomyopathy - the primary/secondary disease process

A
  • primary - coronary arteries

- secondary - heart muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

dilated cardiomyopathy - the primary disease process

A
  • primary - heart muscle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

decreasing contractility has what effect on stroke volume

effect on cardiac output

A
  • decreasing contractility decreases stroke volume

- decreased cardiac output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

physiological adaptations to decreased stroke volume

A
  • increased preload (frank starling)

- increased wall thickness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what happens if we increase preload beyond that of the adaptive response

A
  • we get pulmonary edema
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

most common symptoms of heart failure

A
  • dyspnea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how is preload regulated

A
  • venous tone
  • blood volume
  • body position
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

venous tone is regulated by

A
  • sympathetic activity increasing tension in walls of veins and venules
18
Q

blood volume increased by

A
  • RAS
  • Sympathetic nervous system
  • ADH
  • fluid intake
19
Q

result of increased sympathetic tone

A
  • beta 1 stimulation increases HR and contractility
  • alpha 1 stimulation increases venous return and decreases venous compliance
  • increased renin release, salt and fluid retention and vasoconstriction
20
Q

cardio response to chronic beta-AR stimulation

A
  • down regulation of beta AR
  • energy starvation
  • cardiomyocyte death
  • ventricular arrhythmias
  • fibrosis
21
Q

RAAS response to decreased stroke volume

A
  • kidneys sense decreased EABV
  • increase renin from JGA
  • increase angiotensin II and aldosterone levels
  • increases blood volume and vasoconstriction
22
Q

heart failure result on RAAS

A
  • disrupts negative feedback loop

- excessive fluid retention

23
Q

role of ANP and BNP

A
  • counteract maladaptive hormones
24
Q

how chronic hypertension leads to heart failure

A
  • chronically elevated BP increases LV pressure
  • leads to hypertrophy of ventricle
  • remodeling and dilation
25
Q

effect of chronic hypertension and aortic stenosis on afterload

A
  • increase afterload
26
Q

what is the easiest component of afterload to modify

A
  • systemic vascular resistance
27
Q

myocyte impact in pathological hypertrophy

  • what type of hypertrophy
A
  • increase myocyte width

- concentric hypertrophy

28
Q

myocyte impact in cardiac dilatation

  • what type of hypertrophy
A
  • increase myocyte length

- eccentric hypertrophy

29
Q

what defines pathologic remodeling

A
  • fibrosis
30
Q

impact of fibrosis on the heart

A
  • impairs ability to contract and relax

- leads to heart failure

31
Q

effect on a dilated and remodeled heart on afterload

A
  • increases afterload
32
Q

2 mechanism that increase afterload contributing to heart failure

A
  • ventricular remodeling and dilatation leading to increased volume
  • increased SVR in response to low stroke volume
33
Q

result of chronically high afterload

A
  • leads to decreased stroke volume and heart failure
34
Q

contractility, stroke volume and preload with heart failure

A
  • decreased contractility
  • decreased stroke volume
  • increased preload
35
Q

pressures in diastolic dysfunction

A
  • stiff ventricle
  • high ventricular pressure leading to increased left atrial pressure
  • causes pulmonary edema
36
Q

contractility, stroke volume, and stiffness in systolic dysfunction

A
  • decreased contractility
  • decreased stroke volume
  • increased stiffness
37
Q

contractility, stroke volume, and stiffness in diastolic dysfunction

A
  • normal contractility
  • decrease stroke volume
  • increased stiffness
38
Q

pressure/volume effect on heart failure

A
  • heart failure develops due to high LVEDP/left atrial pressure at low volume
39
Q

effect of ANP

released by

A
  • vasodilator
  • increase salt output in urine
  • released by atrial myocytes
40
Q

effect of BNP

released by

A
  • also counters RAAS

- released by ventricular myocytes

41
Q

what lab test can we use to diagnose heart failure?

A
  • check BNP levels
  • if high, means heart failure
  • if low, dyspnea is due to some other thing

Cardio Final (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions