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Intro to D&D Final > Pathophys - Glaucoma > Flashcards

Pathophys - Glaucoma Flashcards

1
Q

glaucoma is defined as a group of ___ disorders, that results in what?

A

eye disorders

results in damage to the OPTIC NERVE and often leads to blindness/complete loss of sight

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2
Q

true or false

glaucoma often results in damage to the capillaries of the eyes, leading to complete loss of sight

A

FALSE - damage to the optic nerve

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3
Q

true or false

glaucoma is not lethal

A

true - it is disabling bc it can cause blindness, but not lethal

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4
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

vision loss resulting from glaucoma is permanent and cannot be reversed

A

true

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5
Q

WHY is it that vision loss from glaucoma is permanent?

A

because there is damage to neurons and they can’t regenerate themselves

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6
Q

3-4 eye disorders that exist are the result of what?

A

high pressure in the eye
causing damage to the retina and optic nerve, leading to blindesss

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7
Q

name the 3 classifications of glaucoma

A

open angle/wide angle
closed angle
congenital

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8
Q

another name for open angle glaucoma

A

wide angle glaucoma

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9
Q

of the 3 classifications of glaucoma, which is most common?

A

open angle/wide angle glaucoma

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10
Q

differentiate between the drainage from the eye in open angle vs closed angle glaucoma

A

in open angle, the drainage from the eye remains open

in closed angle, the fluid drainage from the eye is BLOCKED

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11
Q

Differentiate between open and closed angle glaucoma based on how quickly vision is lost, and if pain exists

A

in open angle, there is a GRADUAL LOSS of peripheral vision. it develops slowly and there’s no pain

in closed angle, it usually presents rapidly (but can be gradual) and there is SEVERE EYE PAIN

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12
Q

in open angle glaucoma, there is a GRADUAL LOSS of peripheral vision, and ______ vision loss develops

A

central

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13
Q

true or false

closed angle glaucoma develops slowly with no pain

A

FALSE - this is open angle

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14
Q

are there any chromosomes/genes that seem to be linked to open angle glaucoma

A

yes

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15
Q

true or false

in closed angle glaucoma, fluid drainage from the eye is blocked

A

true

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16
Q

name some physical manifestations of CLOSED ANGLE glaucoma

A

severe pain
blurred vision
pupil is dilated
eye is red
nausea

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17
Q

why is nausea a common symptom of closed angle glaucoma?

A

because of the imbalance between the sensory input of the eye and ear

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18
Q

congenital glaucoma is also known as…..

A

infantile glaucoma

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19
Q

what is the cause of congenital glaucoma?

A

due to development abnormalities, there is obstruction of aqueous humor drainage

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20
Q

is congenital glaucoma a sex-linked disorder?

A

yes - X-linked recessive

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21
Q

as mentioned, congenital glaucoma presents in an X-linked recessive pattern

what does this mean?

A

it is more common in MALES (65%)

22
Q

true or false

congenital glaucoma can be sex-linked as well as gene linked

A

true

23
Q

true or false

glaucoma can occur as a result of mutated genes.
these genes seem to be different from open and closed angle glaucoma

A

true

24
Q

true or false

low blood pressure seems to be a risk factor for developing glaucoma

A

FALSE

high blood pressure (glaucoma is associated with increased pressure in the eye) - or ocular HTN

25
Q

true or false

congenital malformations are a risk factor for glaucoma

A

TRUE

such as congenital malformations in the trabecular network

26
Q

being of _________- ancestry seems to be a risk factor for glaucoma

A

east asian

27
Q

the eyeball is divided into _______ segments by the ______

what are these segments called?

A

divided into 2 segments by the LENS

called the anterior and posterior segment

28
Q

true or false

the anterior segment is in front of the lens and filled with a gel-like vitreous humor

A

FALSE - it’s in front of the lens, but filled with AQUEOUS HUMOR (more watery)

29
Q

where is the posterior segment located and what is it filled with

A

behind the lens

filled with vitreous humor – more gel like and viscous

30
Q

how can the anterior segment be divided?

A

divided by the IRIS into the anterior and posterior CHAMBER

31
Q

true or false

tears are not aqueous humor

A

true

32
Q

true or false

the anterior segment is filled with aqueous humor

A

true

33
Q

what produces aqueous humor?
how often?

A

the ciliary body – produces aqueous humor continuously

34
Q

as the ciliary body is continually producing aqueous humor, where does it flow into?
explain full flow

A

into the posterior chamber, then flows into the anterior chamber through the pupil/iris

it then drains from the anterior through the TRABECULAR NETWORK, and then into the blood via the canal of schlemm (or scleral venous sinus)

35
Q

the aqueous humor flows from the posterior chamber into the anterior chamber through…….

A

the iris, or more specifically pupil

36
Q

as mentioned, aqueous humor flows from the posterior chamber into the anterior through the PUPIL

from this anterior chamber, where does it go and how?

A

first enters the trabecular meshwork in the corner of the eye, and then through the canal of schlemm —— into the BLOOD

37
Q

the composition of aqueous humor is similar to what?

A

blood plasma

38
Q

true or false

the aqueous humor formed by the ciliary process first flows into the anterior chamber

A

FALSE - posterior, then into anterior through the pupil

39
Q

the posterior segment is located behind the _______

A

lens

40
Q

what is located within the posterior segment that gives structure to the eye?

A

the vitreous chamber, filled with vitreous humor (gel like)

41
Q

what is the vitreous humor composed of

A

collagen fibrils + water

42
Q

_________ is a viscous ground substance that has a lot of water and contributes to the structure and intraocular pressure of the eye

A

vitreous humor

43
Q

explain the pathophysiology of open angle glaucoma

A

there is reduced flow of aq humor through the trabecular meshwork either because of degeneration and/or obstruction of the network

this reduction in trabecular flow leads to an increase of intraocular pressure because the ciliary process is continually producing aqueous humor and it’s not draining properly from the anterior chamber

the aq humor then builds up in the anterior segment. this pressure extends to the retina and optic nerve and sight is affected

44
Q

explain the pathophysiology theory of CLOSED ANGLE glaucoma

A

the channel between the anterior and posterior segments is COMPLETELY CLOSED due to the lens being pressed against the iris — displacement of the iris against the corna

aq humor can’t flow from the posterior and into the anterior chamber

this causes a buildup of aq humor in posterior chamber, causing pressure and pain in the posterior segment, extending to the retina and optic nerve

45
Q

what causes the complete blockage of flow from posterior to anterior chambers being completely closed

A

displacement of the iris against the cornea.

flow is blocked

46
Q

explain the effects of increased intraocular pressure in the eye

A

cupped excavation of optic nerve head – also retina will physicall change shape

cornea or sclera bulges at weak point, affecting vision and focus

optic nerve atrophy – loss of axons and glial cells (gliosis)

plial septa thickens

vision declines with the loss of neurons

47
Q

what is the result of loss of axons and gliosis that occurs as a result of increased IOP?

A

can’t transmit action potentials

scar on optic nerve is formed

48
Q

what are the 2 structures in the eye most crucial for taking in light, and damage to them can lead to permanent blindness, as seen in glaucoma

A

retina and optic nerve

49
Q

true or false

closed angle glaucoma is usually associated with more rapid vision loss and pain, as compared to wide angle

A

true

50
Q

explain the cause of neuron loss and loss of sight in glaucoma

A

bc of damage to the nerves at the head of the optic nerve, the retina degenerated – specifically the ganglionic and nerve layers

this impairs vision

51
Q

name the receptors in the retina

A

rods and cones

52
Q
A

Intro to D&D Final (21 decks)

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