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Immuno > Pathoma TidBits > Flashcards

Pathoma TidBits Flashcards

1
Q

What protein helps decrease cell size? What does it tag for destruction?

A

Ubiquitin, intermediate filaments for proteosome destruction

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2
Q

What’s PaO2 and SaO2 in the following conditions: Anemia, CO, and Methemoglobinemia

A

Anemia: both nl; CO poisoning and methamoglobinemia: PaO2 normal, low SaO2

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3
Q

What’s the classic finding of CO poisoning? What are the progression of presentations?

A

Cherry red appearance, despite poor oxygen perfusion. Headache, confusion, coma, death

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4
Q

When does methemoglobinemia occur? Classic finding? Treatment?

A

Oxidative stress and newborns; cyanosis and chocolate colored blood; methylene blue IV

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5
Q

What is saponification? When does it occur?

A

Dystrophic calcification, Ca deposits on necrotic tissue despite normal serum values; fat necrosis

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6
Q

Fibrinoid necrosis is indicative of which of the following conditions?

A

Vasculitis, malignant hypertension, and pre-eclampsia

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7
Q

What are the steps in reduction of O2 to H20?

A

O2 to superoxide (by NADPH oxidase) to hydrogen peroxide (by superoxide dismutase) to hydroxyl radical (by catalase) to water (by glutathione peroxidase)

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8
Q

How does organic solvent exposure from dry cleaning industry cause free radical injury? What’s the biopsy finding?

A

CCl4 is converted to a free radical CCl3, causing hepatic damage and dec lipoprotein synthesis. Fatty liver

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9
Q

How does reperfusion cause free radical injury?

A

Inflammatory cells react with oxygen and make free radicals which cause further enzyme release

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10
Q

How is amyloidosis seen on histology?

A

Congo red staining and apple green birefringence on polarized light

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11
Q

Which type of amyloid is seen in primary amyloidosis? What condition is it associated with?

A

AL- Ig light chain; Multiple myeloma

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12
Q

What causes secondary amyloidosis?

A

chronic inflammation, malignancy, and FMF

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13
Q

What protein accumulates in senile cardiac amyloidosis?

A

transthyretin

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14
Q

Which amyloid deposits in Alzheimers? What chromosome is it on?

A

AB, ch 21

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15
Q

Which amyloid protein builds up in type II diabetes? Dialysis? Medullary thyroid carcinoma?

A

Amylin (from insulin) in beta cells, beta-microglobulin, calcitonin

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16
Q

What releases arachidonic acid? What does it become?

A

Released from phospholipase A, cycloxgenase makes it into prostaglandins and 5-lipoxygenase makes leukotrienes

17
Q

What 4 immune mediators attract neutrophils?

A

IL8, bacterial products, LTB4, C5a

18
Q

Mast cells are activated by what 3 stimuli?

A

Tissue trauma, antigen cross linking on IgE and C3a and C5a

19
Q

What is MAC formed from? What does it do?

A

It is made from a C5b-9 complex, pokes holes in bacteria for lysis

20
Q

What is the Hageman factor How is it activated? What disease is it important for?

A

Factor XII, exposure of subendothelial tissue or collagen and activates coagulation, complement, and Kinin system

21
Q

What 2 immune factors cause pain?

A

Bradykinin and PGE2

22
Q

How is fever triggered?

A

Macrophages release IL1 and TNFalpha, perivascular cells in the hypothalamus increase COX activity, PGE2 inc raises temp

23
Q

Where are each of the selectins made?

A

P-selectin: Weibel-Palade bodies (also makes vWF) and E-selectin (TNF and IL1)

24
Q

Where do selectins bind?

A

sialyl Lewis X on leukocytes

25
Q

What factors upregulate ICAM on endothelum? Integrins on leukocytes?

A

TNF and IL1; C5a and LTB4

26
Q

How is HOCl produced for phagocytic destruction?

A

O2 to superoxide (NADPH oxidase), superoxide to H202 (superoxide dismutase), and H202 to HOCl (myeloperoxidase)

27
Q

How dos MPO def present? What is the NBT result?

A

inc risk for candida infections, Normal NBT

28
Q

What is the second signal in helper T cell activation by APC? B cells?

A

B7 on APC to CD 28 on T cell; CD40 on B cell to CD40L on T cell

29
Q

What is the defining characteristic of a granuloma?

A

epithelioid histiocyte (macrophages with pink cytoplasm)

30
Q

What organism gives a stellate shape granuloma in the neck?

A

Bartonella (cat scratch disease)

31
Q

How are granulomas formed? (3 steps)

A

Macrophages present antigen on MHC II to CD4 cells, Macrophages secrete IL12 to differentiate cells into Th1, Th1 cells secrete IFN gamma to make epithelioid histiocytes

Immuno (3 decks)

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