Pathoma/ICS Skin pathology Flashcards
What are the layers of the epidermis from surface to base?
1) Stratum Corneum
2) Stratum Lucidum
3) Stratum Granulosum
4) Stratum Spinosum
5) Stratum Basale
What dermatologic lesion is a flat lesion < 1 cm that is a well-circumscribed color change in skin color?
Macule
What dermatologic lesion is a macule > 1 cm?
Patch
What dermatologic lesion is a elevated solid skin lesion < 1 cm?
Papule
What dermatologic lesion is a papule > 1 cm?
Plaque
What dermatologic lesion is a small fluid-containing blister < 1 cm?
Vesicle
What dermatologic lesion is a large fluid-containing blister > 1 cm?
Bulla
What dermatologic lesion is a vesicle containing pus?
Pustule
What dermatologic lesion is a transient smooth papule or plaque?
Wheal
What dermatologic lesion is a flaking off of stratum corneum?
Scale
Hyperkeratosis is defined as the thickening of what epidermal layer?
Stratum corneum
What is defined as hyperkeratosis with retention of nuclei in the stratum corneum?
Parakeratosis
Hypergranulosis is defined as increased thickness of what epidermal layer?
Stratum granulosum
What is defined as epidermal accumulation of edematous fluid in intercellular spaces?
Spongiosis
What is defined as separation of epidermal cells?
Acantholysis
What is defined as epidermal hyperplasia?
Acanthosis
What presents with an intensely pruritic, oozing rash with vesicles and edema due to a type I hypersensitivity?
Atopic (eczematous) dermatitis
Atopic (eczematous) dermatitis is associated with what increased serum Immunoglobulin?
IgE
What presents with a pruritic, oozing rash with vesicles and edema due to a type IV HSR?
Allergic contact dermatitis
What is due to chronic inflammation of hair follicles and associated sebaceous glands, which secrete its contents through a holocrine mechanism?
Acne vulgaris
What type of hormone results in increased sebum production (and thus acne)?
Androgens
What bacteria causes acne by producing lipases that break down sebum, releasing proinflammatory fatty acids?
Propionibacterium (Cutibacterium) acnes
What vitamin derivative is used to treat acne vulgaris to reduce hyperkeratinization and sebum production?
Vitamin A
What is a characterized by well-circumscribed, salmon-colored plaques with silvery scale?
Psoriasis
Where does psoriasis typically presents on?
What are common associations with psoriasis?
What is psoriasis due to?
What HLA subtype is associated with psoriasis?
1) Extensor surfaces and the scalp
2) Nail pitting and arthritis
3) Excessive keratinocyte proliferation
4) HLA-C
Psoriasis is associated with what sign, which is pinpoint bleeding when scale is picked off?
Auspitz sign
What inflammatory dermatitis presents as pruritic, planar, polygonal, purple papules?
Lichen planus
Where does lichen planus most often present?
It often presents with reticular white lines on the surface, especially on oral mucosa, which is known as?
It is characterized histologically by inflammation of what junction which gives it a sawtooth like appearance?
1) Wrists, elbows, and oral mucosa
2) Wickham striae
3) Dermal-epidermal junction
Lichen planus is an inflammatory dermatitis associated with what infection?
Hepatitis C infection
What is an autoimmune inactivation of desmosomes between keratinocytes?
What is it due to?
What does it present with?
What occurs histologically?
1) Pemphigus vulgaris
2) IgG against desmoglein
3) Thin-walled blisters that rupture easily
4) Acantholysis
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is pemphigus vulgaris and bullous pemphigoid?
Type II HSR
What is an autoimmune destruction of hemidesmosomes between basal cells and the underlying basement membrane?
What is it due to?
What does it present with?
How is it characterized histologically?
1) Bullous pemphigoid
2) IgG against hemidesmosome components (BP180)
3) Tense blisters with eosinophils that don’t rupture easily
4) Detachment of the basal cell layer from the basement membrane
Which blistering skin disorder presents as pruritic vesicles and bullae that are grouped?
What is it due to?
What malabsorption syndrome is associated with?
1) Dermatitis herpetiformis
2) Deposition of IgA at the tips of dermal papillae
3) Celiac disease
Which blistering skin disorder is characterized by a targetoid rash and bullae?
The targetoid appearance is due to?
It is commonly associated with what infections?
1) Erythema multiforme
2) Central epidermal necrosis, surrounded by erythema
3) HSV and Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Erythema multiforme with lip/oral mucosal involvement and fever is termed?
It typically arises due to?
1) Stevens-Johnson syndrome
2) Adverse drug reaction
When Stevens-Johnson syndrome involves > 30% of the body surface it is termed?
Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN)
What are benign squamous neoplasms, typically seen on the head, trunk, and extremities in the elderly?
Seborrheic keratoses
What sign signals sudden onset of multiple seborrheic keratoses and suggests underlying malignancy?
Leser-Trelat sign
Which skin disorders presents with epidermal hyperplasia and darkening of the skin (“velvet-like” skin)?
It is typically associated with resistance to?
1) Acanthosis nigricans
2) Insulin
Which skin cancer is the most common cutaneous malignancy?
What is its major risk factor?
Where is the classic location for it?
1) Basal cell carcinoma
2) UV-B light
3) Upper lip
What is characterized histologically by formation of keratin pearls?
What is its major risk factor?
Where is the classic location for it?
1) Squamous cell carcinoma
2) UV-B light
3) Lower lip
What is a precursor lesion of squamous cell carcinoma?
It displays hyperplastic keratinocytes with cytologic atypia in what epidermal layer?
1) Actinic keratosis
2) Stratum basale layer
Where are melanocytes located?
Basal layer of the epidermis
Freckles (ephelides) are darker than surrounding skin due to increased number of?
Melanosomes
What are benign neoplasm of melanocytes?
Nevus (mole)
Which nevus presents at birth and often associated with hair?
Congenital nevi
Melanoma is strongly associated with?
Sunlight exposure and dysplastic nevi
What is the most important prognostic factor in predicting melanoma metastasis?
Depth of invasion
What term describes localized melanocytic hyperplasia?
Lentigo
Which infectious skin disorder is a superficial bacterial skin infection characterized by painful, non-itchy pustules and honey-colored crusting?
Impetigo
Impetigo is most often due to what infection?
S. aureus or S. pyogenes
What infection is associated with verrucae?
HPV
Which infectious skin disorder presents as firm, pink, umbilicated papules?
What infection is it associated with?
It is characterized histologically by?
1) Molluscum contagiosum
2) Poxvirus
3) Cytoplasmic inclusions
What is an inflammatory facial skin disorder characterized by erythematous papules and pustules, but no comedones?
It is associated with facial flushing in response to?
1) Rosacea
2) Alcohol, heat
Phymatous rosacea can cause what bulbous deformation of the nose?
Rhinophyma
What is a painful, raised inflammatory lesion of subcutaneous fat (panniculitis), usually on the anterior shins?
Erythema nodosum
What vascular tumor is a benign, painful, red-blue tumor, formed from AV shunts under fingernails?
They arise from what cells?
1) Glomus tumor
2) Smooth muscle
Xeroderma Pigmentosum is inherited in what fashion?
Autosomal recessive
What is a common, chronic inflammatory disease that presents with a flaky, scaling, rash involving the scalp and eyebrows?
How does it most commonly present as in adults?
It is due to a hypersensitivity reaction to?
It is most severe in patients with conditions?
1) Seborrheic dermatitis
2) Dandruff
3) Malassezia
4) Parkinson’s Disease and HIV
What is caused by a mutation in the filaggrin gene, resulting in dry, scaly skin?
Ichthyosis vulgaris
What type of nevus is a flat, pigmented lesion with a white ring around it and is asymptomatic and never changes?
How are these acquired?
1) Halo nevus
2) Host immune response
What painful nodule is most commonly seen on shins and is composed of regular spindle cells?
Dermatofibroma
What is the best categorization of Erythema Nodosum?
Panniculitis
What is the best categorization of psoriasis?
Chronic inflammatory dermatosis
