Dermatologic Pharm Flashcards
What are creams made of?
What are ointments made of?
1) Half water/half oil with emulsifier so water evaporates
2) 20% water in 80% oil
How do creams absorb?
How do ointments absorb?
1) Well absorb and wash off with water
2) Stay on surface of skin and not well absorbed
Between ointments and creams, which product is better for dry skin?
Which product is better for oozing/wet skin conditions?
1) Ointments
2) Creams
Between creams or ointments which provides for more complete absorption of the active ingredient or medication?
Which is less likely to cause an allergic reaction?
Ointments for both
What is the single most important measure to reduce transmission of microorganisms to other areas of body or other patients?
Hand Hygiene
How long should you wash your hands for?
15-30 seconds
What is alcohol-based hand disinfection not effective against?
What should be used instead?
1) C. difficile
2) Soap and water
Emollients are a component of moisturizer that does what?
What do humectants do?
What do horny substance (keratin) softeners do?
1) Forms an oily layer on top of the skin that traps water in the skin
2) Draws water into the outer layer of the skin
3) Loosens the bonds between the top layer of cells to help dead skin cells fall off, helps the skin retain water, and gives it a smoother, softer feeling
Petrolatum, lanolin, mineral oil and dimethicone are common?
Glycerin, lecithin, and propylene glycol are common?
Urea, alpha hydroxy acids (e.g., lactic, citric, glycolic), and allantoin are common?
1) Emollients
2) Humectants
3) Horny substance (keratin) softeners
For what skin type do you want to choose a water based moisturizer that has a light, non greasy feel and contain lightweight oils, such as cetyl alcohol, or silicone-derived ingredients, such as cyclomethicone?
Normal skin
For what skin type do you want to choose a heavier, oil based moisturizer that contains ingredients such as antioxidants, grape seed oil or dimethicone?
What are preferable for severe cases of this skin type?
1) Dry skin
2) Petrolatum-based products
For what skin type do you want to choose a water-based product that is labeled “non-comedogenic”?
What is the use of these products for?
1) Oily skin
2) Provide moisture while limiting acne breakouts
For what skin type do you want to choose a moisturizer with chamomile or aloe that does not contain potential allergens (e.g., fragrances, dyes) or acids?
Sensitive skin
For what skin type do you want to choose an oil-based moisturizer that contains petrolatum as the base plus antioxidants or alpha hydroxy acids?
What are the antioxidants or alpha hydroxy acids used for?
1) Mature skin
2) Combat wrinkles
What causes most erythema/sunburn, skin aging and photocarcinogenesis?
What causes skin aging and cancer?
1) UVB radiation (280-320 nm)
2) UVA radiation (320-400 nm)
What sunscreen compound is active in UVB range?
p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA)
What sunscreen compound has a wider 250-360 nm range but less effective than PABA?
Benzophenones
What sunscreen compound is active in UVA range?
What conditions is it particularly useful for?
1) Dibenzoylmethane
2) Drug-induced photosensitivity and cutaneous lupus erythematosus
Which antiseptics MOA involves the cross-linking of proteins?
What is its target?
1) Glutaraldehyde
2) Cell envelope and cross-linked macromolecules
Which antiseptics MOA damages phospholipid bilayers?
What is its target?
1) Quaternary amines
2) Inner cytoplasmic membrane
Which antiseptics MOA affects membrane integrity and congealing of cytoplasm?
What is its target?
1) Chlorhexidine
2) Inner cytoplasmic membrane
Which antiseptics MOA causes oxidation of thiol groups to disulfides, sulfoxides or disulfoxides?
What is its target?
1) Halogens
2) Oxidizing agents
Which antiseptics MOA causes formation of free hydroxyl radicals to oxidize thiol groups in enzymes and proteins?
What is its target?
1) Hydrogen peroxide
2) Oxidizing agents
Which antiseptics MOA causes disruption of thiol groups in proteins?
What is its target?
1) Peracetic acid
2) Oxidizing agents
What is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent widely used in homes and hospitals due to general efficacy on skin (including oral mucosa) and low irritability?
Chlorhexidine
Which type of microorganism does chlorhexidine not kill but instead prevents its growth?
Which type cause protoplast and spheroplast lysis and at high concentrations cause precipitation of proteins and nucleic acids?
Which type causes protoplast lysis and intracellular leakage, high concentrations cause intracellular coagulation?
1) Bacterial spores and mycobacteria
2) Non-sporulating bacteria
3) Yeasts
While chlorhexidine has low activity against many viruses, it is more sensitive to which type?
Lipid enveloped viruses
How does chlorhexidine affect the activity against protozoa?
Affects trophozoites but not protozoa in cystic form
What effect does antiseptics and disinfectants have on cryptosporidium, Bacillus, and C. Difficile?
None, b/c they’re resistant to
What effect does antibiotics have on biofilms?
1) Limited penetration
2) Antibiotic neutralization
3) Slow growth