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BMB > Pathoma (HIGH YIELD) > Flashcards

Pathoma (HIGH YIELD) Flashcards

1
Q

Anencephaly presentation

A

‘Frog-like’ appearance (prominence of eyes)

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2
Q

Anencephaly sequelae

A

Maternal polyhydramnios

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3
Q

Dandy-Walker malformation

A

Dilated 4th ventricle (with absent cerebellum)

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4
Q

Arnold-Chiari malformation may be associated with what?

A

Meningomyelocele and syringomyelia

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5
Q

Familial ALS can be associated with what mutation?

A

Zinc-copper superoxide dismutase

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6
Q

Freidreich’s ataxia gene and its function

A

Frataxin gene; essential for mitochondrial iron regulation (results in incr. potential for free radical damage to neurons)

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7
Q

Neurologic disease associated with Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

Freidreich’s ataxia

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8
Q

Common meninigitis pathogen(s) in neonates

A

Group B Strep, E coli, L monocytogenes

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9
Q

Common meningitis pathogen(s) in children and teenagers

A

N meningitidis

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10
Q

Common meningitis pathogen(s) in adults and elderly

A

Strep pneumo

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11
Q

Common meningitis pathogen(s) in unvaccinated infants

A

Haemophilus influenzae

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12
Q

Common meningitis pathogen(s) in immunocompromised

A

Fungi

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13
Q

Lumbar puncture needle placement

A

Between L4 and L5 (because spinal cord ends at L2)

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14
Q

What meningeal layers are spared in an LP

A

Pia mater

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15
Q

What form of meningitis often leads to complications? What are they?

A

Bacterial meningitis; death, hydrocephalus, hearing loss, seizures

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16
Q

Possible causes of global cerebral ischemia

A

Repeated episodes of hypoglycemia (d/t insulinoma, highest yield), chronic hypoxia (ischemia), low blood flow, reduced perfusion (atherosclerosis)

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17
Q

Thrombotic focal ischemic stroke appearance

A

Pale infarct at periphery of the cortex

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18
Q

Embolic focal ischemic stroke appearance

A

Hemorrhagic infarct at periphery of the cortex

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19
Q

Early finding in ischemic stroke

A

Red neurons (ischemic stroke leads to liquefactive necrosis)

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20
Q

Most common cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage? Why does this occur?

A

Berry aneurysm; saccular outpouching lacks a media layer

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21
Q

Most common location of berry aneurysm

A

Anterior circle of Willis (branch points of ACA)

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22
Q

Most common cause of epidural hematoma

A

Fracture of temporal bone with rupture of middle meningeal artery

23
Q

Most common cause of subdural hematoma

A

Rupture of bridging veins

24
Q

Multiple Sclerosis pathophysiology

A

Autoimmune destruction of CNS myelin and oligodenrocytes (higher yield)

25
Q

Geographic distribution of Multiple Sclerosis

A

More common away from the equator

26
Q

Vision sx characteristic of Multiple Sclerosis

A

Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia

27
Q

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis etiology

A

Slowly progressing, persistent infection of the brain by measles

28
Q

Central Pontine Myelinolysis classic presentation

A

Acute paralysis (‘locked-in’ syndrome: all patient can move is their eyes)

29
Q

Alzheimer notable genes

A

E4 allele of apolipoprotein E is associated with higher risk; E2 allele associated with lower risk

30
Q

Down syndrome incr. risk for what neurologic disease

A

Alzheimer’s (b/c APP is present on chromosome 21; \3 copies in Down syndrome)

31
Q

Alzheimer’s angiopathy?

A

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (A-B amyloid deposits around blood vessels)

32
Q

Notable contents of Neurofibrilliary tangles in Alzheimer’s

A

Hyperphosphorylated tau protein

33
Q

Pick Disease pathologic findings

A

Round aggregates of tau protein in neurons of cortex

34
Q

Parkinson’s disease pathologic finding

A

Lewy bodies (contain alpha synuclein)

35
Q

Difference between Parkinson’s and Lewy body dementia

A

Dementia is only a feature if late-stage Parkinson’s; early dementia suggests Lewy body dementia (dementia, hallucinations and Parkinsonian features)

36
Q

What causes anticipation in Huntington’s Disease?

A

Further expansion of trinucleotide repeats during spermatogenesis

37
Q

Normal pressure hydrocephalus pathophysiology?

A

Incr. CSF causes stretching of corona radiata, leading to dilated ventricles

38
Q

Normal pressure hydrocephalus treatment?

A

LP relieves sx; tx is VP shunt

39
Q

What causes spongiform encephalopathy?

A

Pathologic protein in a beta pleated sheet conformation

40
Q

Creutzfeld Jacob Disease presentation

A

Progressive dementia with ataxia and startle myoclonus

41
Q

Pilocytic astrocytoma appearance on imaging

A

Cystic lesion with mural nodule

42
Q

Pilocytic astrocytoma pathologic findings

A

Astrocytes with Rosenthal fibers (thick eosinophilic processes)

43
Q

What type of neurologic tumor crosses the corpus callosum?

A

Glioblastoma multiforme

44
Q

Intermediate filament associated with glioblastoma multiforme

A

GFAP

45
Q

Oligodendroglioma usual location

A

Frontal lobe

46
Q

Oligodendroglioma classic presentation

A

Seizures

47
Q

Oligodendroglioma pathologic findings

A

“Fried egg” appearance

48
Q

What type of neurologic tumor spreads via CSF?

A

Medulloblastoma (“drop metastases” when it involves spinal cord)

49
Q

Meningioma IHC profile

A

Expresses estrogen receptors

50
Q

Pathologic appearance of meningioma

A

“Whirled” appearance of cells

51
Q

Schwannoma IHC profile

A

S100 positive

52
Q

What type(s) of neurologic tumors are seen in NF2

A

Bilateral Schwannomas

53
Q

Location of CNS tumor in adults vs children

A

Tumors in adults usually arise above the tentorium, tumors in kids usually arise below the tentorium

BMB (4 decks)

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