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Pulm (Phase II) > Pathoma (HIGH YIELD) > Flashcards

Pathoma (HIGH YIELD) Flashcards

1
Q

Possible consequences of rhinitis

A

Nasal polyps (most important), angiofibroma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma

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2
Q

What are nasal polyps associated with in children?

A

Cystic fibrosis

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3
Q

What are nasal polyps associated with in adults?

A

ASA-intolerant asthma

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4
Q

Angiofibroma classic demographic

A

Adolescent males

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5
Q

Pathogen(s) associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma

A

EBV

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6
Q

Patient demographics associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma

A

African children, Chinese adults

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7
Q

Histopathologic features of nasopharyngeal carcinoma

A

Pleiomorphic keratin-positive epithelial cells in a background of lymphocytes

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8
Q

Pathogen(s) associated with laryngeal papilloma

A

HPV 6 & 11

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9
Q

Laryngeal papilloma typical presentation by demographic

A

Single lesion in adults, multiple in children

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10
Q

Most important cytokine mediators of pain

A

Bradykinin, PGE2

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11
Q

Klebsiella pneumoniae typical mechanism of host entry

A

Aspiration (e.g. in the elderly, alcoholics)

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12
Q

What is responsible for the resolution phase of pneumonia

A

Type II pneumocyte (stem cell of the lung)

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13
Q

Most common cause of secondary pneumonia

A

Staph aureus

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14
Q

Common complications of S aureus secondary pneumonia

A

Abscess, empyema

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15
Q

Which causes of secondary pneumonia can lead to COPD exacerbation

A

Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella cattarhalis

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16
Q

Bronchopneumonia pathogen associated with cystic fibrosis patients

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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17
Q

Bronchopneumonia pathogen often arising from water source? Lab stain to visualize?

A

Legionella pneumophila; silver stain

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18
Q

Which pneumonia pathogen is associated with autoimmune hemolytic anemia? Describe pathogenesis

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae (interstitial pneumonia); IgM against RBC antigen leads to cold HA

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19
Q

Mycoplasma pneumoniae gram stain characteristics

A

Not visible on gram stain (b/c no cell wall)

20
Q

Which viral pathogen increases risk for superimposed bacterial pneumonia?

A

Influenza (Staph aureus, Haemophilus influenzae most common pathogens)

21
Q

Pathogens associated with aspiration pneumonia

A

Bacterioides, fusobacterium, peptococcus

22
Q

Sites of systemic spread of secondary TB

A
  • Meninges (meningitis) – with granulomas at base of brain, particularly HIGH YIELD
  • Cervical LN
  • Kidney (sterile pyuria)
  • Lumbar vertebrae (Pott disease)
23
Q

Effect of COPD on FEV1/FVC ratio?

A

Decreased

24
Q

What heart pathology does chronic bronchitis predispose, and how?

A

Cor pulmonale; in chronic bronchitis, there is widespread poor oxygenation, thus excessive “clamping down” (blood gets shunted away from areas of poor oxygenation) increases pulmonary pressure, leading to RVH

25
Q

Describe pathophysiology of “air trapping” in emphysema

A

In emphysema, alveolar “air sacs” get destroyed, which leads to loss of elastic recoil, which under normal conditions keeps the alevoli from collapsing when air is being expired (the wall gets “dragged” along with the expired air; remember for conducting portion cartilage prevents this)

26
Q

How can an A1AT deficiency lead to liver cirrhosis?

A

Protein is absent from blood, but may still be produced in the liver, in which case it builds up in ER (important) of hepatocytes, damaging the cell

27
Q

What does “pink puffer” refer to?

A

Prolonged expiration with pursed lips; seen in emphysema (“pink” b/c oxygenated, but with “puffer” appearance)

28
Q

Important clinical features of emphysema

A

 Prolonged expiration with pursed lips (‘pink puffers’)
 Incr. AP diameter of chest (‘barrel-chest’)
 Dyspnea + cough with minimal sputum
 Weight loss (incr. work of breathing)

29
Q

1st (most important) consequence of Mast cell activation

A

Histamine release (2 effects: vasodilation and incr. vascular permeability)

30
Q

Important components of asthmatic mucus

A

Curschmann spirals with Charcot-Leyden crystals (derived from eosinophils)

31
Q

Possible complications of bronchiectasis

A

Secondary amyloidosis (most important), hypoxemia (CO2 trapping) with cor pulmonale

32
Q

Drugs that can cause idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

A

Bleomycin, amiodarone

33
Q

What is anthracosis? What is it associated with?

A

Collections of carbon-laden macrophages in the lung; “black lung” and Caplan syndrome (rheumatoid arthritis + Coal miners’ pneumoconiosis)

34
Q

Which pneumoconiosis increases risk for TB? Why?

A

Silicosis; silica impairs phagolysosome formation by macrophages

35
Q

Pathologic findings in Berylliosis? What disease shares similar features?

A

Noncaseating granulomas in lung, hilar LN and systemic organs; sarcoidosis

36
Q

Classic demographic of primary pulm HTN? Presentation?

A

Young women; exertional dyspnea

37
Q

Familial pulmonary HTN gene

A

BMPR2

38
Q

Possible causes of secondary pulm HTN

A

Recurrent PE (most important), hypoxemia (e.g. COPD and interstitial lung disease) or incr. volume in pulmonary circuit (e.g. congenital heart disease)

39
Q

What can complicate recovery from Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, and why?

A

Interstitial fibrosis; type II pneumocytes are “knocked out”

40
Q

Screening for neonatal RDS?

A

L:S ratio (>2 means adequate surfactant)

41
Q

Prominent carcinogen in cigarette smoke

A

PAH

42
Q

Benign lung lesions

A

Granuloma (midwest, histoplasma connections), bronchial hamartoma (often calcified on imaging)

43
Q

Common components of lung hamartoma

A

Lung tissue + cartilage

44
Q

Adenocarcinoma typical demographics

A

Most common in nonsmokers and female smokers

45
Q

Carcinoid tumor characteristic histology

A

Chromogranin positive (neuroendocrine cell tumor)

46
Q

Unique site of distant metastasis for lung ca

A

Adrenal gland

Pulm (Phase II) (2 decks)

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