Pathoma 7, 8, 9 Flashcards
What are the 3 layers of arterial walls and what are they made of?
- Intima – endothelium
- Media – smooth muscle
- Adventitia – connective tissue
50+ Female w/: headaches, visual disturbances, jaw claudication. Labs: elevated ESR. Biopsy: inflamed vessel walls.
What disease?
Giant Cell Arteritis (aka. GCA, Temporal arteritis) – Large-vessel
Presents: Giant Cell Arteritis symptoms + flu-like symptoms w/ joint and muscle pain
What disease that is often associated with GCA?
Polymyalgia Rheumatica
Biopsy of a branch of external carotid: inflamed vessel wall w/ giant cells and intimal fibrosis
What disease?
Giant Cell Arteritis (aka. GCA, Temporal arteritis) – Large-vessel vasculitis
Under 50 y/o Asian female w/: visual and neurologic symptoms, weak/absent pulse in upper extremities. Labs: elevated ESR.
What disease?
Takayasu Arteritis – Large-vessel vasculitis
Young adult w/: HTN, abdominal pain w/ melena (black tarry feces), neurologic disturbances, and skin lesions. Blood vessel histo: transmural inflammation w/ fibrinoid necrosis, ‘string-of-pearls’ appearance
What disease?
Polyarteritis Nodosa – Medium-vessel vasculitis
HTN= renal artery involvment
Abdn pain w/ melena= mesenteric artery involvement
- -Necrotizing vasculitis of multiple organs; SPARES LUNGS
- -Fatal if not treated
Which vasculitis’ treatment includes cyclophosphamide?
Polyarteritis Nodosa Wegener Granulomatosis (Granulomatosis w/ Polyangiitis) Microscopic Polyangiitis
2 y/o Asian child w/: fever, conjunctivitis, erythematous rash of palms and soles, enlarged cervical lymph nodes.
What disease?
Treatment?
Kawasaki Disease – Medium-vessel vasculitis
–Treat w/ Aspirin, IVIG; self limited
Patient is a heavy smoker w/: Raynaud phenomenon, ulceration, gangrene and autoamputation of fingers and toes.
What disease?
Treatment?
Beurger Disease – Medium-vessel vasculitis
–Treatment: smoking cessation
Middle aged male w/: sinusitis, nasopharyngeal ulceration, saddle-nose, hemoptysis, hematuria. CXR: bilateral nodular lung infiltrates. Lab: c-ANCA. Biopsy: necrotizing granulomas, adjacent necrotizing vasculitis.
What disease?
Granulomatosis w/ Polyangiitis (Wegener) – Small-vessel vasculitis
Middle aged male w/: hemoptysis, hematuria. CXR: bilateral nodular lung infiltrates. Labs: p-ANCA. Biopsy: no granulomas.
What disease?
Microscopic Polyangiitis – Small-vessel vasculitis
Asthmatic patient w/: necrotizing granulomas in lungs. Labs: eosinophilia, p-ANCA.
What disease?
Churg-Strauss Syndrome – Small-vessel vasculitis
Pediatric patient w/: recent Hx of URI, GI pain and bleeding, hematuria, palpable purpura on buttocks and legs. Previous episode of symptoms resolved by itself.
What disease?
Henoch-Schönlein Purpura – Small-vessel vasculitis
What is the developmental defect of blood vessel wall that causes 2ndary HTN in young females?
What mechanism?
Where does it affect?
- Fibromuscular dysplasia
- Irregular thickening of large- and medium-sized arteries
- Renal artery
Systemic HTN: over ___mm/Hg
Malignant HTN: over ___mm/Hg
- 140/90
- - 180/120
It consists of a lipid core (mostly cholesterol) w/ a fibromuscular cap, and undergoes dystrophic calcification.
What is it?
Intimal plaque – Atherosclerosis
What are some common large- and medium-sized arteries affected by Atherosclerosis?
- Abdominal aorta
- Coronary artery
- Popliteal artery
- Internal carotid artery
Lipid oxidation and subsequent consumption by macrophages via scavenger receptors results in formation of ___
Foam cells
Which type of arteriolosclerosis is a consequence of:
- -malignant HTN?
- -Diabetes?
- -benign HTN?
– Hyaline arteriolosclerosis – long-standing benign HTN, Diabetes
– Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis – malignant HTN
Which type of arteriolosclerosis results in:
- -Acute renal failure?
- -Glomerular scarring (arteriolonephrosclerosis)?
- -Chronic renal failure?
- -End-organ ischemia?
- -Acute renal failure – Hyperplastic
- -Arteriolonephrosclerosis – Hyaline
- -Chronic renal failure – Hyaline
- -End-organ ischemia – Both
In Microscopy, which type of arteriolosclerosis has:
- “flea-bitten appearance”
- Pink proteins
- “onion-skin appearance”
- “flea-bitten appearance” – Hyperplastic
- Pink proteins – Hyaline (pink hyaline proteins)
- “onion-skin appearance” – Hyperplastic
What is calcification of the media of muscular (medium-sized) arteries?
Mönckeberg Medial Calcific Sclerosis
- Not clinically significant
- Incidental finding on x-ray or mammography
What 2 diseases commonly cause weakness of connective tissue in the media (called ___) in younger individuals that leads to Aortic Dissection?
– Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
– Cystic medial necrosis = weakness of connective tissue in the media
Old patient w/ HTN has acute sharp, tearing chest pain radiating to the back.
What is it?
Aortic Dissection
What are the 3 most common complications of Aortic Dissection?
- Pericardial Tamponade (most common cause of death)
- Rupture w/ fatal hemorrhage
- Obstruction of branching arteries (coronary, renal) –> end-organ ischemia
Patient w/: Aortic valve insufficiency, and difficulty swallowing. Microscopy: ‘tree-bark’ appearance of aorta. Dark field microscopy: spirochetes.
What is it?
Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm
- -Classically seen in Tertiary Syphilis
- -Endarteritis of vasa vasorum –> luminal narrowing, decreased flow, atrophy of vessel wall
60+ y/o male smoker w/: HTN, enlarging midline pulsatile abdominal mass.
What is it?
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
60+ y/o male w/ 6cm dilation in abdominal aorta 1 hour ago now has triad of: Hypotension, Pulsatile abdominal mass, and flank pain.
What is it?
Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
- Triad: Hypotension, Pulsatile abdominal mass, Flank pain
- Major complication of aneurysm, esp. after 5+cm diameter
What is associated w/ exposure to polyvinyl chloride, arsenic, and Throtrast?
Liver angiosarcoma
Between what 2 locations does Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm usually arise?
- Below renal arteries
- - Above aortic bifurcation
What vascular tumor is commonly present at birth, and regresses during childhood?
What does it usually involve?
- Hemangioma = benign tumor of blood vessels
- - Skin and liver
What is highly aggressive malignant proliferation of blood vessel endothelia cells?
Common sites?
- Angiosarcoma
- - Skin, breast, liver
A former Eastern European soldier w/ AIDS recently had a liver transplant and now presents w/ purple patches, plaques, and nodules on the skin. Labs: anti-HHV8 antibody.
What is it?
Kaposi Sarcoma
What’s more common? [Primary/Secondary] HTN.
Primary HTN = 95% of cases; unknown etiology
Secondary HTN = 5% of cases; identifiable etiology
What are 2 ways Angiotensin II raises BP?
- Contract arteriolar smooth muscle
2. Promote adrenal release of Aldosterone
EKG finding in Subendocardial vs. Transmural ischemia:
- Subendocardial = ST-depression
- - Transmural = ST-elevation
EKG finding in:
- Stable Angina
- Unstable Angina
- Prinzmetal Angina
- Stable Angina = ST-depression (subendocardial)
- Unstable Angina = ST-depression (subendocardial)
- Prinzmetal Angina = ST-elevation (transmural)
Myocardial Infarction most common:
- -Chamber involved?
- -Vessel involved?
- -2nd most common vessel?
- -Left Ventricle
- -Left Anterior Descending (LAD)
- -Right Coronary Artery (RCA)
MI involving this vessel –> anterior wall, anterior septum of LV infarction
LAD
MI involving this vessel –> posterior wall, posterior septum, LV papillary muscle infarction
RCA
MI involving this vessel –> lateral wall of LV
Left Circumflex Artery
Troponin I vs. CK-MB
- Which rises earlier?
- Which peaks faster?
- Which normalizes faster?
- Troponin (2-4hrs) faster than CK-MB (4-6hrs)
- Same (24h) for both
- CK-MB (72h) faster than Troponin (7-10days)
Initial phase of MI has what EKG finding? Why?
ST-depression b/c subendocardial necrosis
Reperfusion of irreversibly-damaged cells resulting in calcium influx leads to what?
Hypercontraction of myofibrils –> contraction band necrosis
What is reperfusion injury?
Return of oxygen and inflammatory cells –> free radical generation –> further myocyte damage
What is the usual immediate cause of sudden cardiac death?
Fatal ventricular arrhythmia
Definition of Sudden Cardiac Death
- -Unexpected death due to cardiac disease
- -Occurs w/o symptoms
- -Or less than 1hr after symptoms arise
What is Cor Pulmonale?
–Right ventricle enlargment and failure
–Due to increase pulm. vascular resistance or pulm. HTN
Microscopic finding of ‘Heart-failure’ cells:
Hemosiderin-laden macrophages
What is the most common cause of Right Heart Failure?
Left heart failure
What is it called when a left-to-right shunt increases right heart pressure to cause a reversal of flow creating a right-to-left shunt?
Eisenmenger Syndrome
What 4 common symptoms do you see in Eisenmenger syndrome?
- Late cyanosis (not as a baby)
- Right ventricular hypertrophy
- Polycythemia
- Nail clubbing
What direction of shunting presents as cyanosis shortly after birth?
Right-to-left shunt
What is the most common congenital heart defect that is also associated w/ fetal alcohol syndrome?
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
–left-to-right shunt
What kind of congenital heart defect is associated w/ Down Syndrome?
Ostium primum type of Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)