1. PAP 2. Mammography 3. PSA/DRE Hemocult test/Colonoscopy

identify origin and what type of Ca these Carcinogens cause: the 5 A's 1. Aflatoxin 2. Ankylating agents 3. Alcohol 4. Aresnic 5. Asbestos 6. Cigarette smoke

1. Aspergillus in stored grains=hepatocarcinoma 2. Chemotherapy=leuk/lymphoma 3. oropharynx, upper esoph, panc, hepato 4. Cig smoke= Sq cell skin, Lung 5. Lung

identify origin and what type of Ca these Carcinogens cause: the 5 A's 1. Aflatoxin 2. Ankylating agents 3. Alcohol 4. Aresnic 5. Asbestos 6. Cigarette smoke

1. Aspergillus in stored grains=hepatocarcinoma 2. Chemotherapy=leuk/lymphoma 3. oropharynx, upper esoph, panc, hepato 4. Cig smoke= Sq cell skin, Lung 5. Lung 6. kidney, bladder, lung

Pathoma 3. Neoplasia Flashcards by Nicole Oliveira

What are isoforms that can determine clonality?

G6PD and Androgens

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What’s monoclonality and how does it differ from Policlonality?

Mono=1 mother cell. You find only 1 isotype of G6PD=Neoplasia

Poly=ratio is maintained in Hyperplasia.

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Clonality in Bcells is determined by

Ig light chain phenotype. Normal=3:1 kappa-lambda.

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Vignette=enlarged lymph node, biopsied and seen proliferation og lymphocytes. How will the Light chain ratio be and Whats the dx?

for eg.20:1. Lymphoma!

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are benign tumors monoclonal?

yes

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Which cancers have a longer division/mutation time before sym show?

Pancreatic, Lung, Ovarian

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Main screenings?

PAP
Mammography
PSA/DRE
Hemocult test/Colonoscopy

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identify origin and what type of Ca these Carcinogens cause: the 5 A’s

Aflatoxin
Ankylating agents
Alcohol
Aresnic
Asbestos
Cigarette smoke

Aspergillus in stored grains=hepatocarcinoma
Chemotherapy=leuk/lymphoma
oropharynx, upper esoph, panc, hepato
Cig smoke= Sq cell skin, Lung
Lung

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identify origin and what type of Ca these Carcinogens cause: the 5 A’s

Aflatoxin
Ankylating agents
Alcohol
Aresnic
Asbestos
Cigarette smoke

Aspergillus in stored grains=hepatocarcinoma
Chemotherapy=leuk/lymphoma
oropharynx, upper esoph, panc, hepato
Cig smoke= Sq cell skin, Lung
Lung
kidney, bladder, lung

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Whats the most carcinogenic agent in Cigarette smoke?

Polycyclic hydrocarbons

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nitrosamines

Smoked foods=stomach ca in Japan

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Naphthylamine=

cigarette smoke=urothelial Ca of bladder

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Vinyl chlorida

HY Occupation exposure=Angiosarcoma of liver

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Nickel, Chromium, Beryllium, Silica

Occupational=Lung Ca

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list what these oncogenic viruses cause:

EBV

burkitt’s

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HHV-8

Kaposi Sarcoma

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HBV/HCV

Hapatocellular carcinoma

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HTLV-1

Adult cell leuk/lymph

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High risk HPV (16, 18, 31, 33)

Sq cell carcinoma of vulva, vagina, anus , cervix and Adenocarcinoma of Cervix

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Radiation can be 1. ionizing and 2. Non Ionizing. What cancers do they cause and why?

(Radiotherapy or nuclear accidents)AML, CML, Papillary carcinoma of Thyroid (OH- free radicals
(UVB rays)Basal cell, sq cell carcinoma, melanoma. (forms pyrimidine dimers and

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Name the 1 GF oncogen

PDGFB=Astrocytoma

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Main GF rcp Oncogenes, mechanism and Cancer

HER2/Neu= Breast carciniomas

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GF rcp RET oncogen=

MEN 2a/2b + medullary carcinoma od Thyroid

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GF rcp KIT oncogen=

GI stromal tumors

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Signal transducer RAS gene family oncogen=

it's a GTP binging ptn= MULTIPLE carcinomas, MELANOMA, LYMPHOMA

Signal transducer ABL oncogen=

tyrosine kinase=t(9:22) philadelphia=CML

name the 3 Nuclear regulator oncogenes

c-MYC, n-Myc, l-MYC

C-myc and their manin mechanism

Burkitt's lymphoma thru t(8;14) B cells have Ig heavy chain locus on c14, when tslc happens, MYC, from c8 takes place of IgH, and overexplesses!=lymphoma

n-myc

neuroblastoma

L-myc

lung ca

Cell cycle regulator CCND1 (Cyclin D1) = cancer type and mechanism.

Mantle cell lymphoma thru t(11;14) CD in c8 takes place of IgH in c14=overgrowth!

what r the 3 zones in Bcell zone of lymph node periphery

1. follicular 2. mantle 3. margin each can result in lymphoma

vignette: biopsy of lymph node w/ growth of area next to follicles:

Mantle cell lymphoma!!!

CDK4 (cyclin dependent kinase)

Melanoma!

What are the main tumor suppressor genes?

p53, Rb

What's the apoptosis mechanism for p53? Who does he call in?

If DNA can't be repaired, he secretes/calls in BAX, which destroys Bcl2 (freeing cytochromeC from mitochondria and starting Caspase cascade)

What's the 2 hit hypothesus for the tumor suppressor genes?

both copies must be mutated for cancer to arise

What results form germline mutation of p53?

Li-fraumeni sme

What does Rb so to regulate g1___to___S progression?

It holds E2F (which is necessary for G1-S transition)... until Rb is phosphorylated by Cyclin D or CDK4. Then it lets EGF go and cell progresses. It's the filter.

What happens to E2F whe Rb is mutated?

It's not held back...romes free in cell, leading to uncontrolled progression thru cell cycle.

What are the 2 main regulators of Apoptosis?

1. Bcl2 | 2. Telomerase

What does Bcl2 do and what Ca is favored if it's mutated?

1. normally stabilized mtc membrane, keeping cytochrome C in, so that apoptosis doesn't happen. 2. If it's OVEREXPRESSED, apoptosis won't happen at all and Cancer can progress.

How does Bcl2 cause follicular cell lymphoma?

t(14;18) moves Bcl to IgH locus, and overexpresses in these B cells, it won't kill the cells that are defective from the Bcell college (those that don't pass the somatic hypermutation)...so we'll end up with a follicular cell lymphoma.

is Telomerase up or downregulated in cancer cells?

What do tumor cells produce to foster angiogenesis?

FGF, VEGF

How does a tumor avoid surveillance?

down regulating MHC1, so that CD8+ can't detect their aberrant proteins and kill them. immunesuppression also favors avoidance

Steps of how a tumor invades...

1. down regulation of E-cadherin 2. attach to Laminin on BM 3. destroy BM using collagenase 4 4. come to EC matrix and attach to fibronectin to begin to spread locally 5. enter into vascular or lymphatic space

Lymphatic spread is characteristic of:

Carcinomas

How do sarcomas spread?

hematogenously

what ate the exceptions to rule of carcinomas spreading lymphatically?

1. Renal cell 2. Hepatocellular carcinoma 3. follicular carcinoma of Thyroid 4. Choriocarcinoma

Which tumor seeds in body cavities and what does it cause?

Ovarian cancer=omental caking

Hystologic differences between benign and malignant

Malignant: disorganised, high nucleus-cytoplasm ratio, nucleus pleomorphism, high mitotic activity, invasion.

What is immunhystochemistry?

it's a dx technique used to classify malignant tumors with difficult histology

List the intermediate filament for | 1. Epithelium

1.Keratin

List the intermediate filament for Mesenchyme

vimentin

List the intermediate filament for Muscle

Desmin

List the intermediate filament for Neuroglia

GFAP

List the intermediate filament for Neurons

Neurofilament

List the IH test for Prostatic epithelium

PSA

List the IH test for Breast epithelium

List the IH test for Thyroid follicular cells

Thyroglobulin

List the IH test for Neuroendocrine cells

Chromogranin

What is the best and worst Neuroendocrine cancer?

Best differentiated=Carcinoid tumors | Poorest diff=Small cell carcinoma of Lung

List the IH test for Melanoma

S-100

What do we use serum markers for?

screening, monitoring ttm, monitoring recurrence

WHat does grading identify

cell microscopic differentiation

What does staging identify?

SIZE and SPREAD.

when can we stage?

after final resection

How do we stage?

T=tumor SIZE(breast)/DEPTH (bowels) N=spread to regional lymph nodes (2nd +IMP) M= Metastasis (ULTMATE PX factor)