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Pathoma 3 Flashcards

1
Q

clonality determined by using what enzyme isoforms?

A

G6PD or androgen receptor isoforms

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2
Q

in females, 1 isoform is inactivated in each cell by:

A

lyonization

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3
Q

normal ratio of active isoforms in cells is:

A

1 to 1

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4
Q

ratio in hyperplasia

A

1:1, polyclonal

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5
Q

ratio in neoplasia

A

only 1 isoform present, monoclonal

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6
Q

clonality of B cells determined by:

A

Ig light chain phenotype

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7
Q

normal light chain ratio for kappa:lambda

A

3 to 1

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8
Q

kappa: lambda light chain ratio in lymphoma

A

> 6:1 or inverted 1:3

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9
Q

2nd leading cause of death in adults and children

A

cancer

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10
Q

leading causes of death in adults

A
  1. CV disease, 2. cancer, 3. cerebrovascular dz
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11
Q

leading causes of death in children

A
  1. accidents, 2. cancer, 3. congenital defects
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12
Q

most common cancers by incidence in adults:

A
  1. breast/prostate, 2. lung, 3. colorectal
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13
Q

most common causes of cancer mortality in adults:

A
  1. lung, 2. breast/prostate, 3. colorectal
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14
Q

of divisions before earliest clinical sx

A

30

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15
Q

categories of oncogenes:

A

GF’s, GFR’s, signal transducers, nuclear regulators, cell cycle regulators

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16
Q

how does ras (signal transducer) work?

A

rec. binding–> GDP replaced w/GTP–> activates ras–> sends growth signals to nucleus–> inactivates self by cleaving GTP to GDP w/GTPase activating protein (inh. by mutated ras)

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17
Q

aflatoxins

A

HCC, from aspergillus contaminating stored grains

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18
Q

alkylating agents

A

leukemia/lymphoma 5-10 yrs later

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19
Q

alcohol

A

SCC of OP and upper esophagus, pancreatic CA, HCC

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20
Q

arsenic

A

exposure or smoking–> SCC of skin, lung CA, angiosarcoma of liver

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21
Q

asbestos

A

lung CA and mesothelioma

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22
Q

polycyclic hydrocarbons

A

smoking–> CA of OP, esophagus, lung, kidney, bladder

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23
Q

nitrosamines

A

stomach CA; in smoked foods esp. in Japan

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24
Q

naphthylamine

A

smoking–> urothelial CA of bladder

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25
vinyl chloride
work exposure (PVC in pipes)--> angiosarcoma of liver
26
nickel, chromium, beryllium, silica
lung CA
27
EBV
NP CA (chinese male, african), burkitt's, CNS lymphoma in AIDS
28
HHV-8
kaposi's sarcoma
29
HBV/HCV
HCC
30
HTLV-1
adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma
31
HPV 16, 18, 31, 33
SCC of vulva, vagina, cervix, anus; adeno of cervix
32
ionizing radiation
nuclear reactor accident/radiotherapy--> hydroxyl free radicals--> AML, CML, papillary CA of thyroid
33
nonionizing radiation
UVB sunlight--> BCC, SCC, melanoma, xeroderma pigmentosum
34
cyclinD/CDK4 complex
phosphorylates Rb protein, promoting G1/S progression
35
how does p53 induce apoptosis?
upregulation of Bax--> disrupts Bcl2--> cytochrome c leakage
36
E2F is released from Rb when it is phosphorylated/unphosphorylated?
phosphorylated--> progression from G1 to S phase
37
Rb mutation
retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma
38
PDGFB
astrocytoma; overexpression, autocrine loop
39
ERBB2 (HER2/neu)
amplification of EGFR; breast CA
40
RET
point mutation of neural GFR; MEN 2A, MEN 2B, sporadic medullary CA of thyroid
41
KIT
point mutation of stem cell GFR; GIST
42
RAS
point mutation of GRP-binding protein; carcinomas, melanoma, lymphoma
43
ABL
t(9;22) w/BCR; tyrosine kinase; CML, some ALL
44
c-MYC
TF; t(8;14) w/IgH; Burkitt's
45
N-MYC
TF amplification; neuroblastoma
46
L-MYC
TF amplification; small cell lung CA
47
CCND1 (cyclin D1)
t(11;14) w/IgH; mantle cell lymphoma
48
CDK4
amplification of CDK; melanoma
49
Bcl2
overexpression--> stabilizes mito membrane; t(14;18); follicular lymphoma
50
tumor cells downregulate expression of:
MHC I
51
downregulation of _________ promotes tumor invasion/spread
E-cadherin
52
lymphatic spread vs hematogenous spread
carcinoma vs sarcoma (and some carcinomas: RCC, HCC, follicular CA of thyroid, choriocarcinoma)
53
seeding of body cavities
ovarian carcinoma
54
keratin
epithelium
55
vimentin
mesenchyme
56
desmin
muscle
57
GFAP
neuroglia
58
neurofilament
neurons
59
PSA
prostatic epithelium
60
ER (estrogen rec.)
breast epithelium
61
thyroglobulin
thyroid follicular cells
62
chromogranin
neuroendocrine cells (small cell CA of lung, carcinoid tumors)
63
S-100
melanoma

Pathoma (3 decks)

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