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Pathoma > Pathoma 3 > Flashcards

Pathoma 3 Flashcards

1
Q

clonality determined by using what enzyme isoforms?

A

G6PD or androgen receptor isoforms

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2
Q

in females, 1 isoform is inactivated in each cell by:

A

lyonization

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3
Q

normal ratio of active isoforms in cells is:

A

1 to 1

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4
Q

ratio in hyperplasia

A

1:1, polyclonal

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5
Q

ratio in neoplasia

A

only 1 isoform present, monoclonal

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6
Q

clonality of B cells determined by:

A

Ig light chain phenotype

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7
Q

normal light chain ratio for kappa:lambda

A

3 to 1

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8
Q

kappa: lambda light chain ratio in lymphoma

A

> 6:1 or inverted 1:3

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9
Q

2nd leading cause of death in adults and children

A

cancer

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10
Q

leading causes of death in adults

A
  1. CV disease, 2. cancer, 3. cerebrovascular dz
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11
Q

leading causes of death in children

A
  1. accidents, 2. cancer, 3. congenital defects
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12
Q

most common cancers by incidence in adults:

A
  1. breast/prostate, 2. lung, 3. colorectal
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13
Q

most common causes of cancer mortality in adults:

A
  1. lung, 2. breast/prostate, 3. colorectal
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14
Q

of divisions before earliest clinical sx

A

30

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15
Q

categories of oncogenes:

A

GF’s, GFR’s, signal transducers, nuclear regulators, cell cycle regulators

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16
Q

how does ras (signal transducer) work?

A

rec. binding–> GDP replaced w/GTP–> activates ras–> sends growth signals to nucleus–> inactivates self by cleaving GTP to GDP w/GTPase activating protein (inh. by mutated ras)

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17
Q

aflatoxins

A

HCC, from aspergillus contaminating stored grains

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18
Q

alkylating agents

A

leukemia/lymphoma 5-10 yrs later

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19
Q

alcohol

A

SCC of OP and upper esophagus, pancreatic CA, HCC

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20
Q

arsenic

A

exposure or smoking–> SCC of skin, lung CA, angiosarcoma of liver

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21
Q

asbestos

A

lung CA and mesothelioma

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22
Q

polycyclic hydrocarbons

A

smoking–> CA of OP, esophagus, lung, kidney, bladder

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23
Q

nitrosamines

A

stomach CA; in smoked foods esp. in Japan

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24
Q

naphthylamine

A

smoking–> urothelial CA of bladder

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25
Q

vinyl chloride

A

work exposure (PVC in pipes)–> angiosarcoma of liver

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26
Q

nickel, chromium, beryllium, silica

A

lung CA

27
Q

EBV

A

NP CA (chinese male, african), burkitt’s, CNS lymphoma in AIDS

28
Q

HHV-8

A

kaposi’s sarcoma

29
Q

HBV/HCV

A

HCC

30
Q

HTLV-1

A

adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma

31
Q

HPV 16, 18, 31, 33

A

SCC of vulva, vagina, cervix, anus; adeno of cervix

32
Q

ionizing radiation

A

nuclear reactor accident/radiotherapy–> hydroxyl free radicals–> AML, CML, papillary CA of thyroid

33
Q

nonionizing radiation

A

UVB sunlight–> BCC, SCC, melanoma, xeroderma pigmentosum

34
Q

cyclinD/CDK4 complex

A

phosphorylates Rb protein, promoting G1/S progression

35
Q

how does p53 induce apoptosis?

A

upregulation of Bax–> disrupts Bcl2–> cytochrome c leakage

36
Q

E2F is released from Rb when it is phosphorylated/unphosphorylated?

A

phosphorylated–> progression from G1 to S phase

37
Q

Rb mutation

A

retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma

38
Q

PDGFB

A

astrocytoma; overexpression, autocrine loop

39
Q

ERBB2 (HER2/neu)

A

amplification of EGFR; breast CA

40
Q

RET

A

point mutation of neural GFR; MEN 2A, MEN 2B, sporadic medullary CA of thyroid

41
Q

KIT

A

point mutation of stem cell GFR; GIST

42
Q

RAS

A

point mutation of GRP-binding protein; carcinomas, melanoma, lymphoma

43
Q

ABL

A

t(9;22) w/BCR; tyrosine kinase; CML, some ALL

44
Q

c-MYC

A

TF; t(8;14) w/IgH; Burkitt’s

45
Q

N-MYC

A

TF amplification; neuroblastoma

46
Q

L-MYC

A

TF amplification; small cell lung CA

47
Q

CCND1 (cyclin D1)

A

t(11;14) w/IgH; mantle cell lymphoma

48
Q

CDK4

A

amplification of CDK; melanoma

49
Q

Bcl2

A

overexpression–> stabilizes mito membrane; t(14;18); follicular lymphoma

50
Q

tumor cells downregulate expression of:

A

MHC I

51
Q

downregulation of _________ promotes tumor invasion/spread

A

E-cadherin

52
Q

lymphatic spread vs hematogenous spread

A

carcinoma vs sarcoma (and some carcinomas: RCC, HCC, follicular CA of thyroid, choriocarcinoma)

53
Q

seeding of body cavities

A

ovarian carcinoma

54
Q

keratin

A

epithelium

55
Q

vimentin

A

mesenchyme

56
Q

desmin

A

muscle

57
Q

GFAP

A

neuroglia

58
Q

neurofilament

A

neurons

59
Q

PSA

A

prostatic epithelium

60
Q

ER (estrogen rec.)

A

breast epithelium

61
Q

thyroglobulin

A

thyroid follicular cells

62
Q

chromogranin

A

neuroendocrine cells (small cell CA of lung, carcinoid tumors)

63
Q

S-100

A

melanoma

Pathoma (3 decks)

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