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Pathoma > Pathoma 1 > Flashcards

Pathoma 1 Flashcards

1
Q

increase in size

A

hypertrophy

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2
Q

increase in number of cells

A

hyperplasia

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3
Q

organ in which hypertrophy and hyperplasia occur together

A

uterus

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4
Q

organs that undergo hypertrophy only

A

cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, nerve

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5
Q

is BPH hypertrophy or hyperplasia?

A

hyperplasia

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6
Q

does BPH increase the risk for prostate cancer?

A

no

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7
Q

decrease in size/number of cells

A

atrophy

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8
Q

decrease in cell number occurs via:

A

apoptosis

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9
Q

decrease in cell size occurs via:

A
  1. ubiquitin-proteasome degradation of cytoskeleton, 2. autophagy of cellular components
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10
Q

_________ occurs via reprogramming of stem cells, producing a new cell type

A

metaplasia

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11
Q

does apocrine metaplasia of the breast lead to increased risk of cancer?

A

no

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12
Q

does fibrocystic change of the breast lead to increased risk of cancer?

A

yes

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13
Q

vitamin A def.

A
  1. night blindness (metaplasia of conjunctiva/keratomalacia), 2. immune def. (APML disrupts vit. A rec.)
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14
Q

when muscle tissue changes to bone during healing after trauma

A

myositis ossificans

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15
Q

final electron acceptor in ETC of oxidative phosphorylation

A

oxygen

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16
Q

budd-chiari syndrome

A

thrombosis of hepatic v., most common cause: polycythemia vera

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17
Q

low partial pressure of O2 in the blood (PaO2 <90%)

A

hypoxemia

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18
Q

decreased barometric pressure resulting in decreased PAO2

A

high altitude

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19
Q

increased PACO2 resulting in decreased PAO2

A

hypoventilation (COPD)

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20
Q

PAO2 not able to push as much O2 into the blood due to a thicker diffusion barrier

A

diffusion defect (interstitial pulmonary fibrosis)

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21
Q

blood bypasses oxygenated lung (R-L shunt) or oxygenated air can’t reach blood (atelectasis)

A

V/Q mismatch

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22
Q

anemia: RBC mass normal, inc. dec.; PaO2 normal, inc. dec.; SaO2 normal, inc. dec.

A

RBC mass decrease, PaO2 normal, SaO2 normal

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23
Q

CO poisoning: PaO2 normal, inc., dec.; SaO2 normal, inc. dec.

A

PaO2 normal, SaO2 decreased

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24
Q

cyanosis w/chocolate colored blood

A

methemoglobinemia

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25
Q

causes of methemoglobinemia:

A

sulfa and nitrates (oxidant stress), newborns

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26
Q

methemoglobinemia: Fe 2+ or 3+; PaO2 normal, inc., dec.; SaO2 normal, inc. dec.

A

Fe3+, PaO2 normal, SaO2 decreased

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27
Q

ETC is part of inner or outer mitochondrial membrane?

A

inner

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28
Q

nuclear condensation

A

pyknosis

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29
Q

nuclear fragmentation

A

karyorrhexis

30
Q

nuclear dissolution

A

karyolysis

31
Q

liquefactive necrosis

A

brain, abscess, pancreatitis, wet gangrene

32
Q

gangrenous necrosis

A

lower limbs, GI tract

33
Q

superimposed infection of gangrenous tissues

A

liquefactive necrosis (wet gangrene)

34
Q

combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis

A

caseous necrosis

35
Q

caseous necrosis

A

TB or fungal infection

36
Q

fat necrosis

A

breast trauma, pancreatitis-mediated damage of peripancreatic fat

37
Q

dystrophic calcification

A

Ca deposits on dead tissues (nidus); normal serum Ca/phosphate; saponification

38
Q

metastatic calcification

A

high serum Ca/phosphate leading to Ca deposits on normal tissue

39
Q

fibrinoid necrosis

A

malignant HTN, vasculitis

40
Q

endometrial shedding during menstrual cycle is an example of:

A

apoptosis

41
Q

CD8+ T cell mediated killing of virally infected cells is an example of:

A

apoptosis

42
Q

syndactyly is a defect in:

A

apoptosis

43
Q

caspases activate:

A
  1. proteases- break down cytoskeleton, 2. endonucleases- break down DNA
44
Q

caspase activation by intrinsic mitochondrial pathway

A

Bcl2 inactivation–> cytochrome c leakage

45
Q

caspase activation by extrinsic receptor-ligand pathway

A
  1. FAS ligand binds FAS death rec. (CD95) on target cell (neg. selection of thymocytes in thymus if it binds self-antigen too tightly); 2. TNF binds TNF rec. on target cell
46
Q

caspase activation by cytotoxic CD8+ T cell-mediated pathway

A

perforins create pores–> granzyme enters pores

47
Q

cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV) transfers electrons to:

A

oxygen

48
Q

partial reduction of oxygen yields:

A

superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals

49
Q

ionizing radiation- ROS

A

water hydrolyzed to hydroxyl free radical

50
Q

inflammation- ROS

A

NADPH oxidase generates superoxide ions during oxygen-dependent killing by neutrophils

51
Q

copper and iron- ROS

A

Fe2+ generates hydroxyl free radicals (Fenton rxn)

52
Q

dry cleaning- ROS

A

CCl4 converted to CCl3 free radical by P450

53
Q

acetaminophen- ROS

A

metabolized by P450

54
Q

how do free radicals cause injury?

A

peroxidation of lipids, oxidation of DNA/proteins

55
Q

antioxidants

A

glutathione, vit. C/A/E

56
Q

enzymes that eliminate ROS

A

SOD (superoxide–> H2O2), glutathione peroxidase (GSH + hydroxyl radical–> GSSH + H2O), catalase (H2O2 –> O2 + H2O)

57
Q

metal carrier proteins that eliminate ROS

A

transferrin, ceruloplasmin

58
Q

amyloid

A

beta-pleated, congo red stain w/apple green birefringence

59
Q

AL amyloid

A

primary, Ig light chain, plasma cell dyscrasias

60
Q

AA amyloid

A

secondary, serum amyloid-associated protein (SAA)

61
Q

SAA (acute phase reactant) is increased in:

A

chronic inflammation, malignancy, familial Mediterranean fever (FMF)

62
Q

familial mediterranean fever (FMF)

A

dysfunction of neutrophils, AR, fever and serositis w/AA amyloid deposition

63
Q

most common organ involved in systemic amyloidosis

A

kidney

64
Q

nephrotic syndrome, restrictive cardiomyopathy or arrhythmia, tongue enlargement, malabsorption, HSM

A

systemic amyloidosis

65
Q

systemic amyloidosis dx via:

A

biopsy via abd fat pad or rectum

66
Q

systemic amyloidosis tx:

A

transplantation

67
Q

amylin deposits in islets of pancreas

A

NIDDM II

68
Q

Abeta amyloid deposits in brain forming amyloid plaques

A

alzheimer’s disease

69
Q

non-mutated serum transthyretin deposits in heart, asymptomatic, 25% people >80

A

senile cardiac amyloidosis

70
Q

mutated serum transthyretin deposits in heart, restricted cardiomyopathy, 5% of african americans

A

familial amyloid cardiomyopathy

71
Q

beta2-microglobulin deposits in joints

A

dialysis-associated amyloidosis

72
Q

FNA biopsy showing calcitonin deposits within tumor

A

medullary carcinoma of thyroid

Pathoma (3 decks)

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