1. night blindness (metaplasia of conjunctiva/keratomalacia), 2. immune def. (APML disrupts vit. A rec.)

Pathoma 1 Flashcards by Kim Nguyen

increase in size

hypertrophy

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increase in number of cells

hyperplasia

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organ in which hypertrophy and hyperplasia occur together

uterus

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organs that undergo hypertrophy only

cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, nerve

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is BPH hypertrophy or hyperplasia?

hyperplasia

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does BPH increase the risk for prostate cancer?

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decrease in size/number of cells

atrophy

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decrease in cell number occurs via:

apoptosis

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decrease in cell size occurs via:

ubiquitin-proteasome degradation of cytoskeleton, 2. autophagy of cellular components

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_________ occurs via reprogramming of stem cells, producing a new cell type

metaplasia

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does apocrine metaplasia of the breast lead to increased risk of cancer?

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does fibrocystic change of the breast lead to increased risk of cancer?

yes

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vitamin A def.

night blindness (metaplasia of conjunctiva/keratomalacia), 2. immune def. (APML disrupts vit. A rec.)

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when muscle tissue changes to bone during healing after trauma

myositis ossificans

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final electron acceptor in ETC of oxidative phosphorylation

oxygen

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budd-chiari syndrome

thrombosis of hepatic v., most common cause: polycythemia vera

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low partial pressure of O2 in the blood (PaO2 <90%)

hypoxemia

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decreased barometric pressure resulting in decreased PAO2

high altitude

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increased PACO2 resulting in decreased PAO2

hypoventilation (COPD)

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PAO2 not able to push as much O2 into the blood due to a thicker diffusion barrier

diffusion defect (interstitial pulmonary fibrosis)

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blood bypasses oxygenated lung (R-L shunt) or oxygenated air can’t reach blood (atelectasis)

V/Q mismatch

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anemia: RBC mass normal, inc. dec.; PaO2 normal, inc. dec.; SaO2 normal, inc. dec.

RBC mass decrease, PaO2 normal, SaO2 normal

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CO poisoning: PaO2 normal, inc., dec.; SaO2 normal, inc. dec.

PaO2 normal, SaO2 decreased

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cyanosis w/chocolate colored blood

methemoglobinemia

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causes of methemoglobinemia:

sulfa and nitrates (oxidant stress), newborns

methemoglobinemia: Fe 2+ or 3+; PaO2 normal, inc., dec.; SaO2 normal, inc. dec.

Fe3+, PaO2 normal, SaO2 decreased

ETC is part of inner or outer mitochondrial membrane?

inner

nuclear condensation

pyknosis

nuclear fragmentation

karyorrhexis

nuclear dissolution

karyolysis

liquefactive necrosis

brain, abscess, pancreatitis, wet gangrene

gangrenous necrosis

lower limbs, GI tract

superimposed infection of gangrenous tissues

liquefactive necrosis (wet gangrene)

combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis

caseous necrosis

TB or fungal infection

fat necrosis

breast trauma, pancreatitis-mediated damage of peripancreatic fat

dystrophic calcification

Ca deposits on dead tissues (nidus); normal serum Ca/phosphate; saponification

metastatic calcification

high serum Ca/phosphate leading to Ca deposits on normal tissue

fibrinoid necrosis

malignant HTN, vasculitis

endometrial shedding during menstrual cycle is an example of:

apoptosis

CD8+ T cell mediated killing of virally infected cells is an example of:

apoptosis

syndactyly is a defect in:

apoptosis

caspases activate:

1. proteases- break down cytoskeleton, 2. endonucleases- break down DNA

caspase activation by intrinsic mitochondrial pathway

Bcl2 inactivation--> cytochrome c leakage

caspase activation by extrinsic receptor-ligand pathway

1. FAS ligand binds FAS death rec. (CD95) on target cell (neg. selection of thymocytes in thymus if it binds self-antigen too tightly); 2. TNF binds TNF rec. on target cell

caspase activation by cytotoxic CD8+ T cell-mediated pathway

perforins create pores--> granzyme enters pores

cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV) transfers electrons to:

oxygen

partial reduction of oxygen yields:

superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals

ionizing radiation- ROS

water hydrolyzed to hydroxyl free radical

inflammation- ROS

NADPH oxidase generates superoxide ions during oxygen-dependent killing by neutrophils

copper and iron- ROS

Fe2+ generates hydroxyl free radicals (Fenton rxn)

dry cleaning- ROS

CCl4 converted to CCl3 free radical by P450

acetaminophen- ROS

metabolized by P450

how do free radicals cause injury?

peroxidation of lipids, oxidation of DNA/proteins

antioxidants

glutathione, vit. C/A/E

enzymes that eliminate ROS

SOD (superoxide--> H2O2), glutathione peroxidase (GSH + hydroxyl radical--> GSSH + H2O), catalase (H2O2 --> O2 + H2O)

metal carrier proteins that eliminate ROS

transferrin, ceruloplasmin

amyloid

beta-pleated, congo red stain w/apple green birefringence

AL amyloid

primary, Ig light chain, plasma cell dyscrasias

AA amyloid

secondary, serum amyloid-associated protein (SAA)

SAA (acute phase reactant) is increased in:

chronic inflammation, malignancy, familial Mediterranean fever (FMF)

familial mediterranean fever (FMF)

dysfunction of neutrophils, AR, fever and serositis w/AA amyloid deposition

most common organ involved in systemic amyloidosis

kidney

nephrotic syndrome, restrictive cardiomyopathy or arrhythmia, tongue enlargement, malabsorption, HSM

systemic amyloidosis

systemic amyloidosis dx via:

biopsy via abd fat pad or rectum

systemic amyloidosis tx:

transplantation

amylin deposits in islets of pancreas

NIDDM II

Abeta amyloid deposits in brain forming amyloid plaques

alzheimer's disease

non-mutated serum transthyretin deposits in heart, asymptomatic, 25% people >80

senile cardiac amyloidosis

mutated serum transthyretin deposits in heart, restricted cardiomyopathy, 5% of african americans

familial amyloid cardiomyopathy

beta2-microglobulin deposits in joints

dialysis-associated amyloidosis

FNA biopsy showing calcitonin deposits within tumor

medullary carcinoma of thyroid