Pathology S2

Question 1

Subluxation/ Locked Facet

Answer 1

is a type of facet joint dislocation that results from jumping of the inferior articular process over the superior articular process of the vertebrae below and becomes locked in the position

Question 2

Jefferson Fracture

Answer 2

a fracture to the anterior and posterior arches of the C1 vertebrae, though it may also appear as a 3 or 2 part fracture (due to the ring structure)

Question 3

Clay Shoveler’s Fracture

Answer 3

an avulsion fracture to the spinous process of C7

Question 4

Flexion teardrop fracture

Answer 4

a fracture of the anteroinferior aspect of a cervical vertical axial compression

Question 5

odontoid fracture

Answer 5

a fracture through the base of the odontoid process (type 2)

Question 6

Atlanto-occipital dislocation

Answer 6

orthopaedic decapitation, or internal decapitation describes ligamentous separation of the spinal column from the skull base

Question 7

burst fracture

Answer 7

a type of compression fracture related to high-energy axial loading spinal trauma that results in disruption of the posterior vertebral body cortex with retropulsed into the spinal canal

Question 8

Rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 8

a chronic progressive disease causing inflammation in the joints and resulting in painful deformity and immobility, especially in the fingers, wrists, feet, and ankles

Question 9

Osteoarthritis

Answer 9

degeneration of joint cartilage and the underlying bone, most common from middle age onward. it causes pain and stiffness, especially in the hip, knee, and thumb joints

Question 10

Hangman’s fracture

Answer 10

a fracture through the lamina of C2 of the axis

Question 11

Compression/ Wedge fracture

Answer 11

the front of the vertebral body collapses but the back does not, meaning that the bone assumes a wedge shape. sometimes, more than one vertebrae fractures, a condition called multiple compression fractures

Question 12

Metastatic disease

Answer 12

is a pathogenic agent’s spread from an initial or primary site to a different or secondary site within the host’s body; the term is typically used when referring to metastasis by a cancerous tumour

Question 13

Cervical Disc replacement

Answer 13

is a surgical procedure that involves removing a damaged or degenerated cervical disc and replacing it with an artificial disc device. cervical discs are the cushions or shock absorbers between the bones (vertebra) of the cervical spine

Question 14

Cervical Fusion

Answer 14

Is a neurosurgical or orthopaedic surgical technique that joins two or more vertebrae. This procedure can be performed at any level in the spine and prevents any movement between the fused vertebra

Question 15

Impingement of Intervertebral Foramina

Answer 15

Occurs when the small openings between the bones in your spine, called the neural foramina, narrow or tighten. The nerve roots that exit the spinal column through the neural foramina may become compressed, leading to pain, numbness, or weakness

Question 16

Cervical ribs

Answer 16

an extra rib which arises from the seventh cervical vertebra. Their presence is a congenital abnormality located above the normal first rib. People may have a cervical rib on either side or on both.

Question 17

Cervical Myelogram

Answer 17

Is an imaging examination that involves the introduction of a spinal needle into the spinal canal and the injection of contrast material in the space around the spinal cord and nerve roots (the subarachnoid space) using fluoroscopy

Question 18

Pre-vertebral swelling

Answer 18

Swelling of the soft tissue anterior to the cervical spine. Identified by the arcuate lines and soft tissue definition.

Question 19

Crush Fracture

Answer 19

also known as a compression fracture, this is a collapse of the vertebra. It may be due to trauma or due to a weakening of the vertebra.

Question 20

Thoracic Metastases

Answer 20

the development of secondary malignant growths located in the thoracic spine

Question 21

Vertebroplasty

Answer 21

Is a minimally invasive spinal procedure that involves an injection of bone cement through a small hole in the skin into a fractured vertebra.

Question 22

Fracture/ Dislocation

Answer 22

a fracture is a break or crack into the bone where a dislocation occurs when 2 bones are out of place at the joint. Sometimes this can occur at the same time.

Question 23

Scoliosis

Answer 23

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

Question 24

Kyphosis

Answer 24

excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing hunching of the back

Question 25

Ankylosing Spondylitis

Answer 25

An inflammatory disease that, over time, can cause some of the vertebrae in your spine to fuse

Question 26

Osteoporosis

Answer 26

A condition which the bones become brittle and fragile from loss of tissue, typically as a result of hormonal changes, or deficiency of calcium or vitamin D.

Question 27

Spina Bifida Occulta

Answer 27

a malformation of one or more vertebrae

Question 28

Pars defect - Sponylolisthesis

Answer 28

is the slipping forward of the vertebral bone. occurs when the pars is weakened. The interarticularis separates and allows the vertebra to move forward out of position causing pinched nerves and pain

Question 29

Retrolisthesis

Answer 29

is a posterior displacement of one vertebral body with respect to the subjacent vertebra to a degree less than a luxation (dislocation)

Question 30

Chance Fracture

Answer 30

a type of vertebral fracture that results from excessive flexion of the spine. Often unstable.

Question 31

Lumbar Fusion

Answer 31

a surgical procedure used to correct problems with the small bones in the vertebrae

Question 32

360 degree Lumbar Fusion

Answer 32

aka. anterior/posterior lumbar fusion. the procedure is an extremely common method for fusing the lumbar spine in which there is an incision anterior in the abdominal area and incisions posterior in the lumbar or low back region

Question 33

Lumbar Disc Replacement

Answer 33

the lumbar vertebrae are replaced due to being worn or degeneration, it is then replaced with an artificial disk made of metal or a combination of metal and plastic

Question 34

Scheuermann's Disease

Answer 34

a growth condition in which the normal curve in the upper spine is increased, forming a hunched back

Question 35

Sacralisation

Answer 35

is a common irregularity of the spine, where the 5th vertebra is fused to the sacrum. The 5th lumbar vertebra, known as L5, may fuse fully or partially on either side of the sacrum, or on both sides

Question 36

Transitional Lumbar Vertebra

Answer 36

lumbosacral transitional vertebrae are congenital spinal anomalies, in which an elongated transverse process of the last lumbar vertebra fuses with varying degree to the "first" sacral segment

Question 37

lumbar metastases

Answer 37

metastases is the spread of cancer, lumbar metastases is a secondary tumour that can be identified in the lumbar spine

Question 38

Multiple Myeloma

Answer 38

is a cancer that forms in a type of white blood cell called a plasma cell. plasma cells help you fight infections by making antibodies that recognise and attack germs. multiple myeloma causes cancer cells to accumulate in the bone marrow, where they crowd out healthy blood cells

Question 39

Sacroiliitis

Answer 39

is an inflammation of one or both of the sacroiliac joints - situated where your lower spine and pelvis connect.

Question 40

Fracture/ separation of SI jt

Answer 40

the sacrum is either fractured or separated in more than one place due to the ring effect

Question 41

Metastases

Answer 41

the development of secondary malignant growths at a distance from a primary site of cancer

Question 42

SI Jts Ankylosing Spondylitis

Answer 42

a form of spinal arthritis, where the bones become stiffened or united in the SI jts

Question 43

Paget's disease

Answer 43

a chronic disease characterised by alteration of bone tissue, especially in the spine, skull, or pelvis, sometimes causing severe pain

Question 44

depressed fracture

Answer 44

a depressed fracture is usually caused by direct impact to the bone and can be associated with a haemorrhage

Question 45

Bony Metastases

Answer 45

the development of secondary malignant growths in the skull

Question 46

Hyperostosis Frontalis Interna

Answer 46

is a common, benign thickening of the inner side of the frontal bone of the skull. it is found predominantly in women after menopause and is usually asymptomatic

Question 47

multiple myeloma

Answer 47

a cancer that forms in a type of white blood cell called a plasma cell, degenerates and thins the bone

Question 48

Intraorbital foreign bodies

Answer 48

foreign bodies that have penetrated the eye and are lodged within the globe

Question 49

tripod fracture

Answer 49

a zygomaticomaxillary complex fracture, which involves the lateral orbital wall, separation of the maxilla and zygoma along the anterior maxilla, the zygomatic arch, and the orbital floor near the infraorbital canal

Question 50

Le Fort fracture

Answer 50

classic transfacial fracture of the midface, involving the maxillary bone and surrounding structures in either a horizontal, pyramidal or transverse direction

Question 51

Maxilla fracture

Answer 51

is defined as partial or full separation of parts of the entire tooth-bearing part of the maxilla from the residual midface

Question 52

fractured zygoma

Answer 52

is a form of facial fracture caused by a fracture of the zygomatic bone

Question 53

blowout fracture

Answer 53

a trauma deformity of the orbital floor or medial wall, typically resulting from impact to eye socket

Question 54

facial polyps

Answer 54

nasal polyps are non cancerous growths on the lining of your nasal passages or sinuses. they result from chronic inflammation and are associated with asthma, recurring infection, allergies, drug sensitivity or certain immune disorders