Pathology S2 Flashcards
Subluxation/ Locked Facet
is a type of facet joint dislocation that results from jumping of the inferior articular process over the superior articular process of the vertebrae below and becomes locked in the position
Jefferson Fracture
a fracture to the anterior and posterior arches of the C1 vertebrae, though it may also appear as a 3 or 2 part fracture (due to the ring structure)
Clay Shoveler’s Fracture
an avulsion fracture to the spinous process of C7
Flexion teardrop fracture
a fracture of the anteroinferior aspect of a cervical vertical axial compression
odontoid fracture
a fracture through the base of the odontoid process (type 2)
Atlanto-occipital dislocation
orthopaedic decapitation, or internal decapitation describes ligamentous separation of the spinal column from the skull base
burst fracture
a type of compression fracture related to high-energy axial loading spinal trauma that results in disruption of the posterior vertebral body cortex with retropulsed into the spinal canal
Rheumatoid arthritis
a chronic progressive disease causing inflammation in the joints and resulting in painful deformity and immobility, especially in the fingers, wrists, feet, and ankles
Osteoarthritis
degeneration of joint cartilage and the underlying bone, most common from middle age onward. it causes pain and stiffness, especially in the hip, knee, and thumb joints
Hangman’s fracture
a fracture through the lamina of C2 of the axis
Compression/ Wedge fracture
the front of the vertebral body collapses but the back does not, meaning that the bone assumes a wedge shape. sometimes, more than one vertebrae fractures, a condition called multiple compression fractures
Metastatic disease
is a pathogenic agent’s spread from an initial or primary site to a different or secondary site within the host’s body; the term is typically used when referring to metastasis by a cancerous tumour
Cervical Disc replacement
is a surgical procedure that involves removing a damaged or degenerated cervical disc and replacing it with an artificial disc device. cervical discs are the cushions or shock absorbers between the bones (vertebra) of the cervical spine
Cervical Fusion
Is a neurosurgical or orthopaedic surgical technique that joins two or more vertebrae. This procedure can be performed at any level in the spine and prevents any movement between the fused vertebra
Impingement of Intervertebral Foramina
Occurs when the small openings between the bones in your spine, called the neural foramina, narrow or tighten. The nerve roots that exit the spinal column through the neural foramina may become compressed, leading to pain, numbness, or weakness
Cervical ribs
an extra rib which arises from the seventh cervical vertebra. Their presence is a congenital abnormality located above the normal first rib. People may have a cervical rib on either side or on both.
Cervical Myelogram
Is an imaging examination that involves the introduction of a spinal needle into the spinal canal and the injection of contrast material in the space around the spinal cord and nerve roots (the subarachnoid space) using fluoroscopy
Pre-vertebral swelling
Swelling of the soft tissue anterior to the cervical spine. Identified by the arcuate lines and soft tissue definition.
Crush Fracture
also known as a compression fracture, this is a collapse of the vertebra. It may be due to trauma or due to a weakening of the vertebra.
Thoracic Metastases
the development of secondary malignant growths located in the thoracic spine
Vertebroplasty
Is a minimally invasive spinal procedure that involves an injection of bone cement through a small hole in the skin into a fractured vertebra.
Fracture/ Dislocation
a fracture is a break or crack into the bone where a dislocation occurs when 2 bones are out of place at the joint. Sometimes this can occur at the same time.
Scoliosis
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
Kyphosis
excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing hunching of the back
Ankylosing Spondylitis
An inflammatory disease that, over time, can cause some of the vertebrae in your spine to fuse
Osteoporosis
A condition which the bones become brittle and fragile from loss of tissue, typically as a result of hormonal changes, or deficiency of calcium or vitamin D.
Spina Bifida Occulta
a malformation of one or more vertebrae
Pars defect - Sponylolisthesis
is the slipping forward of the vertebral bone. occurs when the pars is weakened. The interarticularis separates and allows the vertebra to move forward out of position causing pinched nerves and pain
Retrolisthesis
is a posterior displacement of one vertebral body with respect to the subjacent vertebra to a degree less than a luxation (dislocation)
Chance Fracture
a type of vertebral fracture that results from excessive flexion of the spine. Often unstable.
Lumbar Fusion
a surgical procedure used to correct problems with the small bones in the vertebrae
360 degree Lumbar Fusion
aka. anterior/posterior lumbar fusion. the procedure is an extremely common method for fusing the lumbar spine in which there is an incision anterior in the abdominal area and incisions posterior in the lumbar or low back region
Lumbar Disc Replacement
the lumbar vertebrae are replaced due to being worn or degeneration, it is then replaced with an artificial disk made of metal or a combination of metal and plastic
Scheuermann’s Disease
a growth condition in which the normal curve in the upper spine is increased, forming a hunched back
Sacralisation
is a common irregularity of the spine, where the 5th vertebra is fused to the sacrum. The 5th lumbar vertebra, known as L5, may fuse fully or partially on either side of the sacrum, or on both sides
Transitional Lumbar Vertebra
lumbosacral transitional vertebrae are congenital spinal anomalies, in which an elongated transverse process of the last lumbar vertebra fuses with varying degree to the “first” sacral segment
lumbar metastases
metastases is the spread of cancer, lumbar metastases is a secondary tumour that can be identified in the lumbar spine
Multiple Myeloma
is a cancer that forms in a type of white blood cell called a plasma cell. plasma cells help you fight infections by making antibodies that recognise and attack germs. multiple myeloma causes cancer cells to accumulate in the bone marrow, where they crowd out healthy blood cells
Sacroiliitis
is an inflammation of one or both of the sacroiliac joints - situated where your lower spine and pelvis connect.
Fracture/ separation of SI jt
the sacrum is either fractured or separated in more than one place due to the ring effect
Metastases
the development of secondary malignant growths at a distance from a primary site of cancer
SI Jts Ankylosing Spondylitis
a form of spinal arthritis, where the bones become stiffened or united in the SI jts
Paget’s disease
a chronic disease characterised by alteration of bone tissue, especially in the spine, skull, or pelvis, sometimes causing severe pain
depressed fracture
a depressed fracture is usually caused by direct impact to the bone and can be associated with a haemorrhage
Bony Metastases
the development of secondary malignant growths in the skull
Hyperostosis Frontalis Interna
is a common, benign thickening of the inner side of the frontal bone of the skull. it is found predominantly in women after menopause and is usually asymptomatic
multiple myeloma
a cancer that forms in a type of white blood cell called a plasma cell, degenerates and thins the bone
Intraorbital foreign bodies
foreign bodies that have penetrated the eye and are lodged within the globe
tripod fracture
a zygomaticomaxillary complex fracture, which involves the lateral orbital wall, separation of the maxilla and zygoma along the anterior maxilla, the zygomatic arch, and the orbital floor near the infraorbital canal
Le Fort fracture
classic transfacial fracture of the midface, involving the maxillary bone and surrounding structures in either a horizontal, pyramidal or transverse direction
Maxilla fracture
is defined as partial or full separation of parts of the entire tooth-bearing part of the maxilla from the residual midface
fractured zygoma
is a form of facial fracture caused by a fracture of the zygomatic bone
blowout fracture
a trauma deformity of the orbital floor or medial wall, typically resulting from impact to eye socket
facial polyps
nasal polyps are non cancerous growths on the lining of your nasal passages or sinuses. they result from chronic inflammation and are associated with asthma, recurring infection, allergies, drug sensitivity or certain immune disorders
