Pathology Pt 1 Flashcards
According to the Bernoulli principle, the velocity increases at an area of stenosis. What happens to the pressure at the site of stenosis?
A. remains constant
B. decreases
C. increases
D. it increases exponentially
B
FeedBack:The pressure proximal to the stenosis is very high. The pressure at the stenosis is very low causing an increased pressure gradient between the two sites. The higher the pressure gradient, the higher the velocity.
Which intracranial artery is most commonly associated with stroke?
A. basilar
B. ACA
C. MCA
D. PCA
C
FeedBack:The MCA is a continuation of the distal ICA. Embolism from an ICA stenosis will most likely lodge in the MCA unless it is small enough to pass through into the circle of willis.
Which of the following scenarios demonstrates the highest risk for TIA?
A. Buerger disease
B. 40% ICA stenosis with mild, irregular soft atheroma
C. 60% ICA stenosis with moderate, smooth calcific atheroma
D. chronic ICA occlusion
B
FeedBack:Stenosis of the internal carotid artery carries the highest risk of TIA. Soft plaque has a much higher risk of embolization than the “fixed” calcific atherosclerosis.
You are performing a TCD exam to assess collateral flow with a right ICA occlusion. You identify flow moving away from the transducer at 90cm/s with decreased pulsatility in the right ophthalmic artery. The left ophthalmic artery demonstrates flow moving toward the transducer with a velocity of 45cm/s. What is indicated by these findings?
A. Normal flow parameters, no collateralization present
B. ECA to ICA collateralization
C. Posterior to anterior collateralization
D. Cross over collateralization
B
FeedBack:The superficial temporal artery and the inferior maxillary artery are branches of the ECA that communicate with branches of the ophthalmic artery. Flow moves from the ECA to these branches and refills the ophthalmic artery to send flow back into the areas affected by the ipsilateral ICA occlusion.
The image demonstrates a complication that is most common with what type of carcinoma?
Image shows echogenic area in IVC
A. Hepatic
B. Renal
C. Splenic
D. Pancreatic
B
FeedBack:Renal carcinoma has been shown to infiltrate the renal vein and IVC causing mass and thrombus formation within. It is the most common type of tumor with IVC/renal vein invasion.
All of the following are potential acute complications that can occur with a recent liver transplant, except:
A. hepatic vein thrombosis
B. biloma
C. portal vein thrombosis
D. hepatic artery atherosclerosis
D
FeedBack:Atherosclerosis formation is a chronic process. Thrombosis and biloma formation are acute complications that can be seen with a recent liver transplant.
A patient presents for a carotid ultrasound. The chart states a history of 2 recent episodes of amaurosis fugax. Which statement best describes amaurosis fugax?
A. Monocular blindness
B. Bilateral blindness for more than 24hrs
C. Spots flashing in front of eyes
D. Dizziness upon standing
A
FeedBack:It occurs when a piece of plaque in the carotid artery breaks off and travels to the retinal artery in the eye. In people with amaurosis fugax, vision loss continues as long as the blood supply to the retinal artery is blocked. This usually only lasts seconds but may last several minutes. Some patients describe the loss of vision as a black shade coming down over their eye.
The Doppler tracing of the flow in a vessel just distal to a stenosis will demonstrate _____________ than at the stenosis.
A. greater bandwidth
B. greater resistance
C. more laminar flow
D. greater Doppler shift
A
FeedBack:Turbulence will cause a large range of different velocities (frequency shifts). The increased bandwidth is displayed as spectral broadening and irregular waveform contour(post stenotic turbulence).
All of the following correctly describe Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia that affects the liver, except:
A. Can cause mesenteric angina from steal phenomenon
B. Autosomal recessive disorder
C. Can be associated with an portovenous AVM in the liver
D. Can be associated with an arteriovenous AVM in the liver
B
FeedBack:Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia, AKA Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome, is an autosomal dominant disorder that affects the vasculature of multiple organs. It is characterized by multiple arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Most commonly the AVMs are superficially located in the skin, but can also occur in pulmonary, cerebral, GI tract, and liver vasculature. Contrast echocardiography can be used to diagnose a suspected pulmonary AVM. Ultrasound is most helpful in evaluating liver AVMs. The malformations can be arteriovenous or portovenous. Ultrasound evaluation can demonstrate signs of portal HTN due to increased portal flow and increased resistance in the hepatic arterial flow with abnormal arterial connections. The disorder can cause mesenteric angina from the steal phenomenon .
Budd Chiari syndrome refers to acute or chronic obstruction of which vessel(s)?
A. Splenic veins
B. Hepatic veins
C. Splenic artery
D. Hepatic artery
B
FeedBack:Obstruction of hepatic veins by thrombus or tumor is referred to as Budd Chiari syndrome. It can lead to symptoms and complications such as hepatic congestion, hepatomegaly, ascites, RUQ pain and jaundice.
If the P1 segment of the PCA is occluded on the left side, how will flow reach the P2 segment of the PCA?
A. flow reversal within the right posterior communicator artery
B. cross over flow through the branches of the MCA
C. flow reversal within the left posterior communicator artery
D. flow reversal in the basilar artery
C
FeedBack:Flow in the left posterior communicator artery will travel posterior from the left distal ICA to reach the P2 segment.
If there is an occlusion at the proximal ICA, what will happen to the flow in the CCA?
A. Damped with increased resistance/decreased diastolic flow
B. Turbulent with decreased resistance/increased diastolic flow
C. Damped with unaffected resistance
D. No effect on CCA flow until bulb area
A
FeedBack:The ECA normally demonstrates high resistance systolic flow with minimal diastolic flow. The ICA usually demonstrates low resistance systolic flow with increased diastolic flow. The CCA normally demonstrates a combined flow pattern from both of the branches with resistance and diastolic flow at levels between the ECA and the ICA. If the ICA is occluded, the CCA will demonstrate a flow pattern very similar to the ECA because it is now the only CCA branch and resistance to flow is increased.
Which of the following causes an increase in the resistive index(RI) of the distal common carotid artery?
A. proximal ICA stenosis
B. aortic valve insufficiency
C. Valsalva maneuver
D. proximal CCA stenosis
A
FeedBack:An occlusion of the ICA will lead to increased resistance to the flow in the ipsilateral common carotid artery.
According to the Bernoulli Principle, where will you find the lowest pressure in a vessel with stenosis?
A. at the site of stenosis
B. proximal to the stenosis
C. distal to the stenosis
D. in the collateral vessels
A
FeedBack:Pressure is lowest at the stenotic site which causes an increased pressure gradient from proximal to the stenosis to the stenosis site. This increased gradient leads to increased velocity of flow across the stenotic site.
Which of the following describes the sonographic appearance of an acute occlusive DVT?
A. Hyperechoic material adhered to vessel wall causing partial non-compressibility
B. Anechoic/Hypoechoic material causing the vein to appear engorged with complete non-compressibility
C. Area of increased echogenicity within the venous lumen causing decreased augmentation response
D. Homogenous, hyperechoic material engorges the vein with no color fill in the vessel.
B
FeedBack:Answers A and C refer to the appearance of chronic/partial DVT. As the thrombus ages, it becomes more fibrous and dense which leads to an increase in echogenicity. Acute DVT usually leads to total occlusion of the vessel and there will be no flow within the affected vessel. Augmentation is usually not recommended for cases of acute DVT.
Which of the following vessels can act as a collateral vessel to redistribute flow from one side of the brain to the other side?
A. posterior communicator artery only
B. anterior communicator and basilar artery
C. anterior communicating artery only
D. middle cerebral artery only
B
FeedBack:The anterior communicating arteries can allow flow to move from one ACA into the other. If the left ICA is occluded, flow from the right ICA enters the brain and travels to the right ACA. Flow then moves through the communicator to fill the left ACA in a retrograde fashion.
The cerebellum is supplied by blood from branches of the vertebral arteries and basilar artery. If the left vertebral is occluded proximally, flow moves cephalad toward the brain in the right vertebral artery and then some of this flow is redirected caudally into the left vertebral (retrograde filling).
You identify flow moving toward the transducer in the left ophthalmic artery and flow moving away from the transducer in the right ophthalmic artery. Which of the following explains these findings?
A. critical stenosis in the distal left ICA
B. critical stenosis in the right ACA
C. critical stenosis in the left ACA
D. critical stenosis in the distal right ICA
D
FeedBack:Flow in the ophthalmic arteries is normally evaluated in the orbital window and demonstrates flow toward the transducer. If the flow is reversed in one of the vessels, this indicates a critical stenosis in the ipsilateral ICA with ECA to ICA collateral flow.
Which statement best describes the findings on the image?
image looks like irregular bordered intimal thickening
A. Neointimal hyperplasia has developed around a stent.
B. There is soft atheroma formation within the CCA.
C. There is heterogeneous, complex atheroma formation within the CCA.
D. The image demonstrates and area of recanalization through a thrombus.
B
FeedBack:The image demonstrates homogeneous, soft atheroma formation within the CCA lumen.
A proximal femoral artery stenosis will cause the __________________ in the mid femoral artery.
A. acceleration time to decrease
B. velocity to increase
C. acceleration time to increase
D. Reynold’s number to decrease
C
FeedBack:Acceleration time refers to the time from the start of systole to peak systole. High resistance vessels have short acceleration times. Low resistance vessels and areas distal to a stenosis will demonstrate longer acceleration times.
All of the following are potential causes of a false negative diagnosis of ICA stenosis, except:
A. decreased cardiac output
B. tortuosity
C. improper Doppler angle
D. CHF
B
FeedBack:A curved vessel will cause increased velocities at the “kinked” location(s). This can cause a false positive diagnosis of stenosis.
When evaluating the Doppler waveform at a focal stenosis in the proximal ICA, which of the following Doppler characteristics will be demonstrated?
A. increased peak systolic velocity, increased diastolic flow reversal
B. increased peak systolic velocity, decreased end diastolic velocity
C. decreased peak systolic velocity, increased end diastolic velocity
D. increased peak systolic velocity, increased end diastolic velocity
D
FeedBack:The Doppler waveform at a focal ICA stenosis will demonstrate increased peak systolic velocity and increased end diastolic velocity.
Broca’s aphasia can be defined as:
A. Inability to understand speech, speak, or follow directions
B. Inability to swallow solid food
C. Inability to swallow liquids
D. Inability to speak but can understand and follow directions
D
FeedBack:Broca’s aphasia (AKA expressive aphasia) can be defined as the inability to speak but can understand and follow directions.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the images displayed?
image of RT CCA
gray scale - looks like thick intimal thickening
spectral- spectral broadening, PSV - 2.0
A. There is focal atherosclerosis formation within the distal CCA.
B. The increased PSV in the CCA is due to a single site of stenosis causing increased velocity and turbulence.
C. The increase in PSV in the CCA is due to the multiple adjacent lesions causing increased resistance.
D. The Doppler tracing indicates laminar flow.
C
FeedBack:Note the diffuse atheroma formation along the length of the CCA which causes a combined effect on the flow velocity within the vessel.
While performing a TCD exam using the left transtemporal window, you identify flow moving away from the transducer with a mean flow velocity of 95cm/s in the A1 segment of the left anterior cerebral artery. From the right temporal window, the A1 segment of the right anterior cerebral artery demonstrates flow moving toward the transducer with a mean flow velocity of 30cm/s. Which of the following explains these findings?
A. occlusion of the right A1 segment at its origin from the ICA
B. normal flow directions and velocities are demonstrated
C. occlusion of the left A1 segment at its origin from the ICA
D. Occlusion of the anterior communicator artery
A
FeedBack:A high grade stenosis or occlusion of the right distal ICA or right proximal ACA will produce these findings. From the transtemporal window, normal flow in both of the ACAs should be moving away from the probe and toward the anterior cranium. If the right proximal ACA is obstructed, little to no flow will move into the A1 segment. The flow in the left A1 segment will increase in velocity to pass through the anterior communicator artery to enter the right A1 segment. This will lead to flow reversal in the right A1 segment as flow moves from the anterior brain to the mid brain (toward the probe at the temporal window).
All of the following are related to acute DVT, except:
A. Calf pain
B. Wet ulceration
C. Swelling
D. Engorged, non-compressible vein
B
FeedBack:Ulcerations take time to form. They are a sign of chronic venous disease.
The external carotid artery normally demonstrates a velocity below:
A. 100cm/s
B. 80cm/s
C. 150cm/s
D. 230cm/s
C
FeedBack:The external carotid artery normally demonstrates a velocity below 150 cm/s
Which of the following is a cause for deep venous HTN?
A. Klippel Trenaunay Webber Syndrome
B. CHF
C. Diffuse atherosclerotic disease
D. aortic coarctation
B
FeedBack:Venous HTN is described as increased venous volume that causes fluid to leak into interstitial spaces between tissues. Related to thrombus formation, venous insufficiency, CHF, pregnancy
Which of the following visual disturbances is described when half of the field of view is disrupted in the eye?
A. ectopia
B. myopia
C. homonymous hemianopia
D. diplopia
C
FeedBack:This visual disturbance can be unilateral or bilateral and is commonly caused by ischemia in the occipital lobe of the brain. Medial or lateral half of the field of view in the eye is “absent” while the other half appears normal.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the aorta?
A. The most common location for an aortic dissection is at the iliac bifurcation.
B. Rupture is the most common complication of an aortic aneurysm.
C. Suprarenal AAAs normally do not affect the arterial flow to the kidneys.
D. The majority of the aortic branches that lead to abdominal organs are lateral branches.
B
FeedBack:The most common location for an aortic dissection is in the thoracic segment. The majority of the aortic branches that lead to abdominal organs are anterior branches. Infrarenal AAAs normally do not affect the arterial flow to the kidneys.
A peak systolic velocity of 100 cm/s is an indication of ___________ in the ICA.
A. normal flow
B. mild stenosis
C. moderate stenosis
D. severe stenosis
A
FeedBack:The peak systolic flow velocity in the ICA is normal when it is less than 125cm/s.
Which of the following is a characteristic of the Doppler waveform obtained at the site of stenosis in an ICA with >70% stenosis?
A. increased diastolic flow
B. blunted waveform
C. spectral window
D. decreased acceleration time
A
FeedBack:As stenosis increases, peak systolic and end diastolic velocities increase. Acceleration time increases as stenosis increases. As the vessel nears 99% stenosis, systolic and diastolic flow may be significantly reduced. Occlusion will lead to increased resistance in the proximal vessel.
Which of the following indicates a significant SMA stenosis?
A. dilated inferior mesenteric artery that is easily visualized sonographically
B. PSV >200cm/s
C. mesenteric - aortic ratio > 2.5
D. pain in the abdomen when hungry that is relieved by eating/digestion
A
FeedBack:The IMA is usually very tough to find in most patients with ultrasound. If the artery is visible and easily evaluated, it usually means it is dilated due to compensatory flow related to an SMA stenosis. A PSV greater than 2.75cm/s indicates significant stenosis. If the mesenteric - aortic ratio exceeds 3.0, a significant stenosis is present.
In the circle of Willis, if a difference ____________ is present between the velocities taken in the same vessel on both sides, this can indicate intracerebral disease.
A. >20%
B. >30%
C. >40%
D. >50%
B
FeedBack:Blood flow velocities in the vessels of the circle of Willis should be similar between the vessels on the left and right sides. A difference >30% between the velocities taken in the same vessel on both sides can indicate intracerebral disease is presen
All of the following are potential acute complications of a liver transplant, except:
A. cirrhosis
B. portal vein stenosis
C. portal thrombosis
D. hepatic artery thrombosis
A
FeedBack:Cirrhosis is a chronic liver disease. Thrombosis and extrinsic vessel narrowing/compression are acute complications that can occur in a liver transplant.
Which vessel provides collateral flow from the ECA to the ICA on the same side of the body?
A. superficial temporal artery to the ophthalmic artery
B. lingual artery to the MCA
C. posterior communicator to the basilar artery
D. superior thyroidal artery to the ACA
A
FeedBack:Branches of the superficial temporal artery meet with branches of the supraorbital artery. Retrograde flow in the supraorbital artery will enter the ophthalmic artery, reversed flow will be identified in the ophthalmic artery. Flow will be moving back toward the ICA instead of outward toward the eye.
Which statement best describes the Doppler tracing from a bypass graft in the lower extremity?
spectral image- spectral broadening, Triphasic, PSV - 300
A. There is normal velocity flow with mild spectral broadening present which indicates no significant disease is present.
B. The waveform is normal velocity and appearance for the lower extremity graft segment being evaluated.
C. There is increased velocity and spectral broadening present which indicates significant stenosis is present.
D. There is increased velocity and post stenotic turbulence present which indicates significant stenosis is present.
C
FeedBack:The velocity appears to be approximately 300cm/s which is abnormal. The absence of the spectral window indicates spectral broadening.
Which of the following is the most common cause of venous stasis ulcer formation on the distal medial calf?
A. insufficiency in the distal thigh perforators and the great saphenous vein
B. insufficiency in the posterior tibial perforators and the posterior arch vein
C. insufficiency in the paratibial perforators and the posterior arch vein
D. insufficiency in the proximal thigh perforators and the great saphenous vein
B
FeedBack:Insufficiency in the posterior tibial perforators and the posterior arch vein most commonly leads to venous stasis ulcer formation on the distal medial calf.
Nutcracker syndrome is defined as:
A. abnormal compression of the celiac axis with respiration
B. entrapment of the popliteal artery seen most commonly in runners
C. entrapment of the subclavian artery by structures in the shoulder/neck
D. abnormal compression of the left renal vein by the SMA and aorta
D
FeedBack:Nutcracker syndrome is defined as abnormal compression of the left renal vein by the SMA and aorta. It can lead to renal vein congestion and thrombosis.
Which of the following is not a common risk factor for varicose vein formation?
A. post-phlebitic syndrome
B. pregnancy
C. smoking
D. standing for long periods daily
C
FeedBack:Smoking is a risk factor for atherosclerotic disease.
Which of the following is true regarding scrotal varicoceles?
A. usually occurs on left side
B. strong association with history of cryptorchidism
C. veins will reduce in size with the valsalva maneuver
D. usually occurs bilaterally
A
FeedBack:Varicoceles usually form on the left side of the scrotal sac due to the course of the left gonadal vein through the abdomen and the increased risk of compression.
Which of the following describes abnormal lower extremity venous flow response to distal augmentation?
A. Augmentation causes increased flow toward heart followed by flow reversal >0.5sec toward the feet
B. Augmentation causes increased flow toward feet followed by at least 3 seconds of flow reversal toward the feet
C. Augmentation causes increased flow toward feet followed by flow reversal > 0.5 sec toward the heart
D. Augmentation causes increased flow toward heart followed by flow normalization
A
FeedBack:<0.5 sec flow reversal with distal augmentation is considered within normal limits. Reflux is diagnosed when flow reversal exceeds 0.5sec. >3 sec flow reversal is considered severe venous reflux. The best answer is Augmentation causes increased flow toward heart followed by flow reversal >0.5sec toward the feet.
The PW Doppler tracing was obtained from the CCA. Which statement below is true regarding the image?
Image- Triphasic CCA, PSV 120
A. Normal high resistance, triphasic flow is demonstrated
B. Abnormal high resistance flow due to increased flow in Vertebral supply
C. Abnormal high resistance flow due to ICA occlusion
D. Abnormal high resistance flow due to proximal stenosis
C
FeedBack:Note the flow reversal in diastole with no antegrade flow during the full diastolic portion of the cycle. This indicates significant resistance distal to the area evaluated. An occluded ICA can lead to the increase in resistance in the CCA which causes the waveform type displayed on the image.
What is the most common cause of upper extremity DVT in the normal ambulatory patient population?
A. radiation therapy treatments to the chest
B. Paget - Schroetter Syndrome
C. shoulder surgery
D. indwelling catheters
B
FeedBack:Paget - Schroetter Syndrome AKA spontaneous effort thrombosis; Most common cause of axillary/subclavian DVT in the ambulatory patient population; Related to the presence of a cervical rib and thoracic outlet syndrome; Higher incidence in the dominant arm
Indwelling catheters are a common cause of upper extremity thrombosis in patients that are ill and require intravenous medication/treatment.
All of the following cause an increased risk of pulmonary embolism, except:
A. common femoral vein thrombosis
B. hepatic vein thrombosis
C. renal vein thrombosis
D. portal vein thrombosis
D
FeedBack:A clot in the systemic venous system can break loose and travel to the lungs. The portal system does not directly communicate with the systemic veins so a clot in the portal vein cannot lead to pulmonary embolism.
Erratically swirling blood just distal to an arterial stenosis refers to:
A. eddy currents or Reynold’s sign
B. Reynold’s sign
C. vortices or eddy currents
D. pseudoaneurysm
C
FeedBack:Vortices or eddy currents are seen just distal to a stenosis and caused increased spectral broadening.
If an acute left ICA occlusion is present, which of the following statements is true?
A. The right MCA flow will be decreased or absent with flow reversal in the right internal carotid siphon.
B. The right MCA will demonstrate decreased or absent flow.
C. The left ophthalmic artery will demonstrate decreased or absent flow
D. The right ophthalmic artery will demonstrate decreased or absent flow
C
FeedBack:The ICA supplies the ipsilateral MCA and ophthalmic artery with blood. If the ICA is occluded the flow in these vessels will be absent unless collateral vessels present which would lead to minimal flow in the vessels.
All of the following are symptoms related to ICA/MCA disease, except:
A. Unilateral visual disturbances
B. Receptive aphasia
C. Expressive aphasia
D. Dysphagia
D
FeedBack:Dysphagia refers to difficulty swallowing which is controlled by the brain stem. The vertebrobasilar system supplies the brain stem with blood.
Which of the following is a characteristic of an ICA waveform with 50-69% stenosis?
A. clear spectral window
B. decreased diastolic flow with EDV less than 20cm/s
C. diastolic flow reversal
D. increased peak systolic and end diastolic velocity
D
FeedBack:Stenosis in the ICA leads to increased systolic and diastolic flow velocities. Spectral broadening occurs with stenosis. Diastolic flow reversal in the ICA is identified with an occlusion distal to the Doppler sample.
Which vessel can provide a pathway for collateral flow from the vertebral system to the MCA on the same side of the body?
A. anterior cerebral artery
B. basilar artery
C. posterior communicators
D. basilar artery and anterior cerebral artery
C
FeedBack:The posterior communicating arteries can provide an avenue for collateral flow from the carotid system to the vertebral system on the same side of the body. If the left ICA is occluded, flow can be redirected to fill the left MCA. Flow in the left vertebral enters the PCA and then the PCoA to provide flow into the left MCA. It is important to note that the flow entering the MCA from the communicating artery will move in the normal direction (toward the transducer) using the temporal window.
The Doppler evaluation displays a waveform from the hepatic artery and the portal vein. Which of the following statements is correct?
Image- hepatic artery above baseline and MPV below baseline
A. The tracing is abnormal because vessels should both display hepatopetal flow
B. The tracing is abnormal because vessels should both display hepatofugal flow
C. The tracing is abnormal because baseline is inverted incorrectly
D. The tracing is normal because the flow is in opposing directions
A
FeedBack:The hepatic artery and the portal vein both carry blood into the liver (hepatopetal). The attached image demonstrates flow reversal in the portal vein which is a common sign of portal HTN.
A critical ICA stenosis will have what effect on the ipsilateral MCA flow?
A. increased systolic flow
B. no effect
C. increased diastolic flow
D. decreased diastolic flow
D
FeedBack:A waveform distal to a critical stenosis will demonstrate a blunted monophasic waveform with minimal or absent diastolic flow.
When using the suboccipital window for TCD evaluation with left lateral angulation, you detect low resistance flow moving toward the transducer with a mean flow velocity of 40cm/s at a depth of 60mm. Which of the following describes these findings?
A. normal left vertebral flow
B. normal left vertebral velocity with abnormal flow direction most likely related to a left subclavian steal
C. normal right vertebral flow
D. abnormal left vertebral velocity and flow direction most likely related to a left subclavian steal
B
FeedBack:The flow in the left vertebral is reversed but normal in velocity. A blockage in the proximal left subclavian artery can cause left vertebral flow reversal as the distal left subclavian “steals” blood from the cerebral vessels.
Which of the following will decrease with acute renal allograft rejection?
A. kidney size
B. resistive index from the arcuate arteries
C. echogenicity of the renal cortex
D. diastolic flow in the segmental arteries
D
FeedBack:Acute renal rejection will result in an enlarged kidney with increased echogenicity of the renal cortex. Doppler evaluation will demonstrate increased resistance in the parenchymal arteries and increased resistive index. This will decrease the amount of diastolic flow in the cortical arteries.
All of the following factors listed below are part of Virchow’s triad of symptoms, except:
A. Blood stasis
B. Recent fall
C. Swelling
D. Polycythemia vera
C
FeedBack:Virchow’s Triad:
1. Blood Stasis
2. Trauma
3. Hypercoagulability. Polycythemia vera refers to abnormally thickened blood.
Swelling can be caused by numerous vascular and non-vascular disorders. It is not one of the three risk factors listed in Virchow’s Triad.
