Pathology: pneumonia Flashcards
What are these two types of pneumonia?
Left: bronchopneumonia
Right: lobar pneumonia
Bronchopneumonia
- Involves which type of inflammation?
Suppurative inflammation
Lobar pneumonia
- Is most commonly caused by which bacteria?
- What are the four stages of lobar pneumonia?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Stages
- Congestion
- Red hepatisation
- Grey hepatisation
- Resolution
Lobar pneumonia stages
- Congestion
Lobar pneumonia stages
- Red hepatisation
Lobar pneumonia stages
- Grey hepatisation
Lobar pneumonia stages
- Resolution
What are the settings pneumonia can be acquired within?
Community acquired pneumonia
Healthcare acquired pneumonia
Hospital acquired pneumonia
Ventilator acquired pneumonia
Aspiration pneumonia
Pneumonia in an immunocompromised host
Chronic pneumonia
Community acquired pneumonia
- What are the 4 typical bacteria?
- Which one is the most common cause of community acquired pneumonia?
Streptococcus pneumoniae (most common cause)
Haemophilus influenzae
Moraxella catarrhalis
Staphylococcus aureus
Community acquired pneumonia: typical bacteria
- Haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis are associated with?
- Staphylococcus pneumonia usually occurs?
Acute exacerbations of COPD
Secondary to viral infection
Community acquired pneumonia
- What are some atypical bacteria
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Legionella pneumophilia
Chlamydophila pneumoniae/psittaci/trachomatis
Coxiella Burnetti (Q fever)
Tuberculosis
Pseudomonas spp
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Community acquired pneumonia: atypical bacteria
- What are they associated with?
Community acquired pneumonia: viral
- What is the most common cause?
Influenza
Community acquired pneumonia: viral
- Other causes?
COVID/coronaviruses, RSV, parainfluenza virus, human metapneumovirus, pertussis, adenovirus, rhinovirus, varicella, rubeola
Healthcare acquired pneumonia
- Organisms?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Staphylococcus aureus - methicillin sensitive and resistant (MRSA)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Hospital acquired pneumonia
- Organisms?
MRSA
Pseudomonas spp
Enterobacter (eg. Klebsiella pneumoniae)
Aspiration pneumonia
- What happens?
- Difference from aspiration pneumonitis
- Risk factors
Vomit is aspirated; and aerobes (lung microbes) and anaerobes (oral + gut microbes) enter the lungs
Aspiration pneumonitis is when acidity of the vomit leads to chemical irritation of the respiratory tract (non infectious)
Risk factors
- Compromised gag reflex - stroke/brain injury, AOD (loss of consciousness), dysphagia
- Repeated vomit
Aspiration pneumonia
- Examples of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria found in aspiration pneumonia?
Aerobic bacteria: streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa
Anaerobic oral flora: Bacteroides, Prevotella, Fusobacterium, Peptostreptococcus
Pneumonia in an immunocompromised host
- Bacterial organisms?
Pneumonia in an immunocompromised host
- Bacteria: fun facts?
Pneumonia in an immunocompromised host
- Viruses: which ones?
CMV, human metapneumovirus, herpes virus
Pneumonia in an immunocompromised host
- Fungi: which ones?
Pneumonia in an immunocompromised host
- Fungi: fun facts?
Chronic pneumonia
- Is it often a localised lesion in immunocompetent patients?
- Can it involve regional lymph nodes?
- Type of inflammation?
- Example of bacteria and fungi causing chronic pneumonia
Yes
Yes
Granulomatous
Bacteria: M. tuberculosis; fngi: histoplasmosis
4 complications of pneumonia?
- Lung abscess
- Empyema
- ARDS
- Sepsis
